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. 2022 Mar 25;12(4):479. doi: 10.3390/life12040479

Table 4.

Studies/investigations on in vitro antibacterial activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oils and extracts.

Part Used Main Component Experimental Method Tested Organism Key Results References
Essential oils
Leaves Not specified Disc diffusion Micro-dilution Gram-positive
Bacillus cereus LMG 13569
Listeria innocua LMG 1135668
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9244
Staphylococcus camorum LMG 13567
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-negative
Enterococcus faecalis CIP 103907
Escherichia coli CIP 11609
Salmonella enterica CIP 105150
Shigella dysenteriae CIP 5451
Proteus mirabilis 104588 CIP
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 4 µg/mL
Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL
Φ = 21 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL
Φ = 22 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL
Φ = 24 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL
Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL
Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL
Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL
Φ = 25 mm; MIC = 1; MBC = 1 µg/mL
Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 4 µg/mL
Φ = 30 mm; MIC = 1; MBC = 1 µg/mL
[111]
Aerial parts Chamazulene (26.11%) Disc diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus subtilis
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli (ATB:57) B6N
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Φ = 14.13 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL
Φ = 15.2 mm; MIC = 6.25 µL/mL

Φ = 13.27 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL
Φ = 13.07 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL
[87]
Flower Not specified Disc diffusion
(0.78–100%)
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC-25922
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC

Φ = 8.55–38.34 mm; MIC = 6.25%

Φ = 9.31–12.32 mm; MIC = 1.56%
No inhibition
[132]
Aerial parts (95% flowers) Trans-β-farnesene (18.7–38.5%)
α-Bisabolol (38.3%)
α-Bisabolol oxide A (25%)
Macro-dilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Salmonella abony ATCC 6017
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027

MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL

MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL
MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL
MBC = 4000–8000 µg/mL
[27]
Aerial parts α-Bisabolol oxide (38%) Disc diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Gram-negative
Shigella shiga
Shigella sonnei
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus sp.

Φ = 30 mm; MIC = 0.011; MBC = 0.13 µg/mL
Φ = 36 mm; MIC = 0.022; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL
Φ = 32 mm; MIC = 0.03; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL

Φ = 25 mm; MIC = 0.14; MBC = 3 µg/mL
Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 0.2; MBC = 3 µg/mL
Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL
Φ = 16 mm; MIC = 0.15; MBC = 3 µg/mL
[97]
Flower α-Bisabolone oxide A (35.74%) Disc diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 14506
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883
Proteus vulgaris ATCC 33420
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853

Φ = 71.59%; MIC = 0. 25 mg/mL
Φ = 106.7%; MIC = 0.12 mg/mL

Φ = 99.66%; MIC = 0.17 mg/mL
Φ = 75.04%; MIC = 0.15 mg/mL
Φ = 89.15%; MIC = 0.21 mg/mL
Φ = 108.77%; MIC = 0.04 mg/mL
[108]
Flower Guaiazulene (25.6%) (0.2–0.5 µg/mL) Disc diffusion
Biofilm formation and adherence assay
Quantitative assay of alginate
Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8821M
No inhibition
Biofilm production = 0.17–0.64 µg/mL
Alginate production = 190.33–549.33 µg/mL
[129]
Flower Guaiazulene (25.6%) Disc diffusion
Macro-dilution
Gram-positive
Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447
Streptococcus mutans PTCC 1601
Streptococcus salivarius PTCC 1448
Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 29212
Streptococcus sanguis PTCC 1449
Φ = 9 mm; MIC = 0.1; MBC = 0.2 µg/mL
Φ = 10 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL
Φ = 9 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 0.8 µg/mL
Φ = 0.8 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 7 µg/mL
Φ = 8 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 1 µg/mL
[129]
Commercial Bisabolol and trans-β-farnesene Macro-dilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcusaureus MRSA (16 strains)
Staphylococcus aureus (2 ATCC strains)
Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228
Enterococci faecalis ATCC 51299
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (9 strains)

MIC = 2–>4; MBC = 2–>4%
MIC = MBC >4%
MIC = MBC >4%
MIC = MBC >4%
MIC = MBC >4%
[129]
Aerial parts Trans-β-farnesene (42.2%) Micro-dilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213
Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 10798
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853

MIC = 313 μg/mL
MIC = 625 μg/mL

MIC = 625 μg/mL
MIC = 313 μg/mL
[131]
Flower Not specified Disc diffusion
Broth dilution
Ex vivo
Gram-negative
Enterococcus faecalis
Reduction = 2.91 CFU at day 14 [130]
Flower Trans-β-Farnesene (29.8%) Disc diffusion Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00032
Listeria monocytogenes WDCM 00020
Salmonella enterica WDCM 00030
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli WDCM 00013
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WDCM 00024
Φ = 40 mm
Φ = 13.33 mm
Φ = 25 mm
Φ = 31 mm
No inhibition
[130]
Not specified Chamazulene
(31.48%)
Micro-dilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus (16 strains)
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli (16 strains)

MIC 90% = 2.9 mg/mL

MIC 90% = 28.2 mg/mL
[126]
Flower α-Bisabolol oxide A (48.22%) Disc diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli O157 ATCC 1659
Salmonella typhi ATCC 13076

Φ ~12–22 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL
Φ ~12–26 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL

Φ ~7–19.5 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
Φ ~10–21 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
[116]
Extracts
Commercial
Aerial parts
Methanol
Ethanol
Petroleum ether
Not specified Well diffusion Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923


Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236


Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922


Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853

Methanol: No inhibition
Ethanol: Φ = 19 mm
Petroleum ether: Φ = 25 mm
Methanol: Φ = 17 mm
Ethanol: Φ = 17 nm
Petroleum ether: Φ = 26 mm

Methanol: Φ = 17 mm
Ethanol: Φ = 20 mm
Petroleum ether: Φ = 23 mm
Methanol: Φ = 17 mm
Ethanol: Φ = 18 mm
Petroleum ether: Φ = 22 mm
[101]
Flower Ethanol Not specified Broth microdilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (30 strains)

MIC = 64–128 μg/mL
[140]
Leaves Methanol Not specified Disc diffusion Micro-dilution Gram-positive
Bacillus cereus LMG 13569
Listeria innocua LMG 1135668
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9244
Staphylococcus camorum LMG 13567
Streptococcus pyogenes
Enterococcus faecalis CIP 103907
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli CIP 11609
Salmonella enteric CIP 105150
Shigella dysenteriae CIP 5451
Proteus mirabilis 104588 CIP
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL
Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 100; MBC ˃ 100 µg/mL
Φ = 16 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL
Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL
Φ = 18 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 50 µg/mL
Φ = 13 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL

Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL
Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL
Φ = 22 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL
Φ = 15 mm; MIC = 50; MBC = 50 µg/mL
Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL
[111]
Flower
Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(3.12–50 mg/mL)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (14 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (6 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and multidrug-resistant (16 strains)

Φ = 10.3–12.7 mm at 25–50 mg/mL
MIC = 6.25; MBC = 12.5 mg/mL
Φ = 12.3 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
Φ = 12.1 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL

No inhibition
[24]
Leaves
Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(3.12–50 mg/mL)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (7 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and multidrug-resistant (16 strains)

Φ = 10.1 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
Φ = 9.8 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC–MBC > 50 mg/mL

No zone; MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
[24]
Flower
Ethanol
Phenylindolizine (32.82%) Well diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Gram-negative
Enterococcus faecalis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Enterobacter cloacae
Acinetobacter baumannii

Φ = 15 mm; MIC = 6.75 mg/mL
Inhibition

Inhibition
Inhibition
No inhibition
No inhibition
No inhibition
[139]
Leaves and flower
Methanol

Aqueous

Chloroform
Phenol content
13.11 mg GAE/g DW
23.96 mg GAE/g DW
9.68 mg GAE/g DW
Disc diffusion Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538


Bacillus sp.


Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 4157


Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 9027

Methanol: Φ = 6 mm
Aqueous: Φ = 10 mm
Chloroform: No inhibition
Methanol: Φ = 9.66 mm
Aqueous: Φ = 11.66 mm
Chloroform: Φ = 9.33 mm

Methanol: Φ = 6 mm
Aqueous: Φ = 10.66 mm
Chloroform: No inhibition
Methanol: Φ = 22.5 mm
Aqueous: Φ = 9 mm
Chloroform: Φ = 10.33 mm
[134]
Flower
Ethanol
Cyclohexane
Not specified Disc diffusion Broth dilution Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028

No inhibition

Ethanol: Φ = 10 mm; MIC = 1000 mg/mL
No inhibition
No inhibition
[137]
Flower
Ethanol
Phenol content
(151.45 mg CAE/mL)
Micro-dilution Gram-positive
Escherichia coli
MIC = 39.1 µg/mL [118]
Not specified
Methanol
4-Amino- 1,5-pentandioic acid Well diffusion
(50 µL)
Gram-negative
Proteus mirabilis
Φ = 6.01 mm [141]
Not specified
Methanol
Ethanol
Aqueous
Not specified Well diffusion (250–1000 mg/mL) Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-negative
Escherichia coli
Proteus sp.
Klebsiella sp.

Methanol: Φ = 12 mm at 1000 mg/mL
Ethanol: Φ = 15 mm at 1000 mg/mL

No inhibition
No inhibition
No inhibition
[133]
Flower
Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(10–100 μg/mL)
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Φ = 0–28 mm [138]
Not specified
Methanol
Phenol contents (1.24 mg GAE/g) Disc-diffusion
Macro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 7443
Streptococcus mutans MTCC 497
Streptococcus mitis MTCC 2695
Streptococcus oralis MTCC 2696 Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 10307
Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7453

Φ = 16.2 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL
Φ = 19.8 mm; MIC = 0.39 µg/mL
Φ = 16.7 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL
Φ = 16.03 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL
Φ = 9.8 mm; MIC = 0.39 µg/mL

No inhibition
[26]
Flower
Ethanol (70, 96, 99.8%)
Ethyl acetate
Not specified Micro-dilution Gram-negative
Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504

Ethanol: MIC = 62.5; MBC = 125–250 µg/mL
Ethyl acetate: MIC = 31.3; MBC = 125 µg/mL
[136]
Not specified
Methanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(12.5–200 mg/mL)
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus (2 strains)
Enterococcus faecalis (3 strains)
Enterococcus durans Sp. 33
Gram-negative
Proteus mirabilis (3 strains)
Salmonella S7
Serratia U11
Providensia alcalifaciens
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Φ = 9–19 mm at 50–200 mg/mL
Φ = 9.5–14 mm at 100–200 mg/mL
Φ = 10–13 mm at 100–200 mg/mL

Φ = 8–16 mm at 100–200 mg/mL
Φ = 8–13 mm at 50–200 mg/mL
Φ = 12 mm at 200 mg/mL
Φ = 8–12 mm at 100–200 mg/mL
Φ = 8 mm at 200 mg/mL
[135]
Flower
Methanol
Phenol contents (656.1 mg CAE/g FR) Diffusion
(50 mg/mL)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 p
Streptococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228
Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027

Φ = 1.3 mm; MIC = 62.5 μg/mL
Φ = 1 mm; MIC = 125 μg/mL

Φ = 0.3 mm; MIC = 500 μg/mL
[46]
Aerial parts
Aqueous
Not specified Well diffusion
(5–40 mg/mL)
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli

Φ = 0.6–3.55 mm

Φ = 0.6–3.6 mm
[143]
Stems
Leaves Aqueous
Not specified Disc diffusion Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus

Bacillus subtilis

Gram-negative
Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Stems: Φ = 22.7 mm
Leaves: Φ = 21.8 mm
Stems: Φ = 9.2 mm
Leaves: Φ = 23.9 mm

Stems: Φ = 9.9 mm
Leaves: Φ = 23.7 mm
Stems: Φ = 27.4 mm
Leaves: Φ = 24.9 mm
[145]
Leaves
Flower Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-negative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa multidrug-resistant
Leaves: No zone
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
Flowers: No inhibition
[25]
Not specified
Aqueous
Not specified Disc diffusion
(15–25%)
Gram-positive
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 24212
Φ = 20.62 mm at 25% [144]
Flower
Methanol Ethanol
Hexane
Diethyl ether
Phenol content
(3.7 mg GAE/g)
(3.5 mg GAE/g)
(2.4 mg GAE/g)
(3.3 mg GAE/g)
Disc diffusion
(7.5–20 µg/disc)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778



Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565



Gram-negative
Escherichia coli O157 ATCC 1659



Salmonella typhi ATCC 13076

Methanol: Φ = 9–20 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
Ethanol: Φ = 10–20 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
Hexane: Φ = 9–21 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
Diethyl ether: Φ = 7–18 mm; MIC=15 µg/mL
Methanol: Φ = 11–19 mm; MIC=12.5 µg/mL
Ethanol: Φ = 13–23 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL
Hexane: Φ = 10–23 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL
Diethyl ether: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL

Methanol: Φ = 8–18 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
Ethanol: Φ = 9–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
Hexane: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
Diethyl ether: Φ = 7–15 mm; MIC = 17.5 µg/mL
Methanol: Φ = 11–20 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
Ethanol: Φ = 8–17 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
Hexane: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 6–16 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL
[115]
Flower
Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(3.12–50 mg/mL)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (14 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (6 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

Φ = 10.3–12.7 mm at 25–50 mg/mL
MIC = 6.25; MBC = 12.5 mg/mL
Φ = 12.3 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
Φ = 12.1 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
[23]
Leaves
Ethanol
Not specified Well diffusion
(3.12–50 mg/mL)
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (7 strains)

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

Φ = 10.1 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL
Φ = 9.8 mm at 50 mg/mL
MIC–MBC > 50 mg/mL
[23]
Leaves
Methanol
Not specified Well diffusion
Micro-dilution
Gram-positive
Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11827
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P
Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736
Kocuria sp KM 24375
Gram-negative
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027

Φ = 6 mm; MIC = 0.156 mg/mL
No inhibition
No inhibition
No inhibition

No inhibition
No inhibition
[142]