Table 4.
Studies/investigations on in vitro antibacterial activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oils and extracts.
| Part Used | Main Component | Experimental Method | Tested Organism | Key Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential oils | |||||
| Leaves | Not specified | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Bacillus cereus LMG 13569 Listeria innocua LMG 1135668 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9244 Staphylococcus camorum LMG 13567 Streptococcus pyogenes Gram-negative Enterococcus faecalis CIP 103907 Escherichia coli CIP 11609 Salmonella enterica CIP 105150 Shigella dysenteriae CIP 5451 Proteus mirabilis 104588 CIP Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 4 µg/mL Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 21 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 22 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 24 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 2; MBC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 25 mm; MIC = 1; MBC = 1 µg/mL Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 4 µg/mL Φ = 30 mm; MIC = 1; MBC = 1 µg/mL |
[111] |
| Aerial parts | Chamazulene (26.11%) | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATB:57) B6N Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Φ = 14.13 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL Φ = 15.2 mm; MIC = 6.25 µL/mL Φ = 13.27 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL Φ = 13.07 mm; MIC = 8.33 µL/mL |
[87] |
| Flower | Not specified | Disc diffusion (0.78–100%) |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC-25922 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC |
Φ = 8.55–38.34 mm; MIC = 6.25% Φ = 9.31–12.32 mm; MIC = 1.56% No inhibition |
[132] |
| Aerial parts (95% flowers) |
Trans-β-farnesene (18.7–38.5%) α-Bisabolol (38.3%) α-Bisabolol oxide A (25%) |
Macro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Salmonella abony ATCC 6017 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 |
MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL MBC = 2000–8000 µg/mL MBC = 4000–8000 µg/mL |
[27] |
| Aerial parts | α-Bisabolol oxide (38%) | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis Gram-negative Shigella shiga Shigella sonnei Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus sp. |
Φ = 30 mm; MIC = 0.011; MBC = 0.13 µg/mL Φ = 36 mm; MIC = 0.022; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL Φ = 32 mm; MIC = 0.03; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL Φ = 25 mm; MIC = 0.14; MBC = 3 µg/mL Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 0.2; MBC = 3 µg/mL Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 8 µg/mL Φ = 16 mm; MIC = 0.15; MBC = 3 µg/mL |
[97] |
| Flower | α-Bisabolone oxide A (35.74%) | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 14506 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 Proteus vulgaris ATCC 33420 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 |
Φ = 71.59%; MIC = 0. 25 mg/mL Φ = 106.7%; MIC = 0.12 mg/mL Φ = 99.66%; MIC = 0.17 mg/mL Φ = 75.04%; MIC = 0.15 mg/mL Φ = 89.15%; MIC = 0.21 mg/mL Φ = 108.77%; MIC = 0.04 mg/mL |
[108] |
| Flower | Guaiazulene (25.6%) | (0.2–0.5 µg/mL) Disc diffusion Biofilm formation and adherence assay Quantitative assay of alginate |
Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8821M |
No inhibition Biofilm production = 0.17–0.64 µg/mL Alginate production = 190.33–549.33 µg/mL |
[129] |
| Flower | Guaiazulene (25.6%) | Disc diffusion Macro-dilution |
Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447 Streptococcus mutans PTCC 1601 Streptococcus salivarius PTCC 1448 Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 Streptococcus sanguis PTCC 1449 |
Φ = 9 mm; MIC = 0.1; MBC = 0.2 µg/mL Φ = 10 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 1.5 µg/mL Φ = 9 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 0.8 µg/mL Φ = 0.8 mm; MIC = 4; MBC = 7 µg/mL Φ = 8 mm; MIC = 0.5; MBC = 1 µg/mL |
[129] |
| Commercial | Bisabolol and trans-β-farnesene | Macro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcusaureus MRSA (16 strains) Staphylococcus aureus (2 ATCC strains) Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 Enterococci faecalis ATCC 51299 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (9 strains) |
MIC = 2–>4; MBC = 2–>4% MIC = MBC >4% MIC = MBC >4% MIC = MBC >4% MIC = MBC >4% |
[129] |
| Aerial parts | Trans-β-farnesene (42.2%) | Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 10798 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 |
MIC = 313 μg/mL MIC = 625 μg/mL MIC = 625 μg/mL MIC = 313 μg/mL |
[131] |
| Flower | Not specified | Disc diffusion Broth dilution Ex vivo |
Gram-negative
Enterococcus faecalis |
Reduction = 2.91 CFU at day 14 | [130] |
| Flower | Trans-β-Farnesene (29.8%) | Disc diffusion |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00032 Listeria monocytogenes WDCM 00020 Salmonella enterica WDCM 00030 Gram-negative Escherichia coli WDCM 00013 Pseudomonas aeruginosa WDCM 00024 |
Φ = 40 mm Φ = 13.33 mm Φ = 25 mm Φ = 31 mm No inhibition |
[130] |
| Not specified | Chamazulene (31.48%) |
Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (16 strains) Gram-negative Escherichia coli (16 strains) |
MIC 90% = 2.9 mg/mL MIC 90% = 28.2 mg/mL |
[126] |
| Flower | α-Bisabolol oxide A (48.22%) | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 Gram-negative Escherichia coli O157 ATCC 1659 Salmonella typhi ATCC 13076 |
Φ ~12–22 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL Φ ~12–26 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL Φ ~7–19.5 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Φ ~10–21 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL |
[116] |
| Extracts | |||||
|
Commercial Aerial parts Methanol Ethanol Petroleum ether |
Not specified | Well diffusion | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 |
Methanol: No inhibition Ethanol: Φ = 19 mm Petroleum ether: Φ = 25 mm Methanol: Φ = 17 mm Ethanol: Φ = 17 nm Petroleum ether: Φ = 26 mm Methanol: Φ = 17 mm Ethanol: Φ = 20 mm Petroleum ether: Φ = 23 mm Methanol: Φ = 17 mm Ethanol: Φ = 18 mm Petroleum ether: Φ = 22 mm |
[101] |
| Flower Ethanol | Not specified | Broth microdilution | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (30 strains) |
MIC = 64–128 μg/mL |
[140] |
| Leaves Methanol | Not specified | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution | Gram-positive Bacillus cereus LMG 13569 Listeria innocua LMG 1135668 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9244 Staphylococcus camorum LMG 13567 Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococcus faecalis CIP 103907 Gram-negative Escherichia coli CIP 11609 Salmonella enteric CIP 105150 Shigella dysenteriae CIP 5451 Proteus mirabilis 104588 CIP Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 100; MBC ˃ 100 µg/mL Φ = 16 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 19 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 18 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 50 µg/mL Φ = 13 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL Φ = 17 mm; MIC = 100; MBC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 22 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL Φ = 15 mm; MIC = 50; MBC = 50 µg/mL Φ = 20 mm; MIC = 25; MBC = 25 µg/mL |
[111] |
|
Flower Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (3.12–50 mg/mL) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (14 strains) Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (6 strains) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and multidrug-resistant (16 strains) |
Φ = 10.3–12.7 mm at 25–50 mg/mL MIC = 6.25; MBC = 12.5 mg/mL Φ = 12.3 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL Φ = 12.1 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL No inhibition |
[24] |
|
Leaves Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (3.12–50 mg/mL) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (7 strains) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853 and multidrug-resistant (16 strains) |
Φ = 10.1 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL Φ = 9.8 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC–MBC > 50 mg/mL No zone; MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL |
[24] |
|
Flower Ethanol |
Phenylindolizine (32.82%) | Well diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Gram-negative Enterococcus faecalis Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Enterobacter cloacae Acinetobacter baumannii |
Φ = 15 mm; MIC = 6.75 mg/mL Inhibition Inhibition Inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition |
[139] |
|
Leaves and flower Methanol Aqueous Chloroform |
Phenol content 13.11 mg GAE/g DW 23.96 mg GAE/g DW 9.68 mg GAE/g DW |
Disc diffusion | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Bacillus sp. Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 4157 Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 9027 |
Methanol: Φ = 6 mm Aqueous: Φ = 10 mm Chloroform: No inhibition Methanol: Φ = 9.66 mm Aqueous: Φ = 11.66 mm Chloroform: Φ = 9.33 mm Methanol: Φ = 6 mm Aqueous: Φ = 10.66 mm Chloroform: No inhibition Methanol: Φ = 22.5 mm Aqueous: Φ = 9 mm Chloroform: Φ = 10.33 mm |
[134] |
|
Flower Ethanol Cyclohexane |
Not specified | Disc diffusion Broth dilution | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 |
No inhibition Ethanol: Φ = 10 mm; MIC = 1000 mg/mL No inhibition No inhibition |
[137] |
|
Flower Ethanol |
Phenol content (151.45 mg CAE/mL) |
Micro-dilution | Gram-positive Escherichia coli |
MIC = 39.1 µg/mL | [118] |
|
Not specified Methanol |
4-Amino- 1,5-pentandioic acid | Well diffusion (50 µL) |
Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis |
Φ = 6.01 mm | [141] |
|
Not specified Methanol Ethanol Aqueous |
Not specified | Well diffusion (250–1000 mg/mL) | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Gram-negative Escherichia coli Proteus sp. Klebsiella sp. |
Methanol: Φ = 12 mm at 1000 mg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 15 mm at 1000 mg/mL No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition |
[133] |
|
Flower Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (10–100 μg/mL) |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus |
Φ = 0–28 mm | [138] |
|
Not specified Methanol |
Phenol contents (1.24 mg GAE/g) | Disc-diffusion Macro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 7443 Streptococcus mutans MTCC 497 Streptococcus mitis MTCC 2695 Streptococcus oralis MTCC 2696 Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 10307 Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7453 |
Φ = 16.2 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL Φ = 19.8 mm; MIC = 0.39 µg/mL Φ = 16.7 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL Φ = 16.03 mm; MIC = 3.12 µg/mL Φ = 9.8 mm; MIC = 0.39 µg/mL No inhibition |
[26] |
|
Flower Ethanol (70, 96, 99.8%) Ethyl acetate |
Not specified | Micro-dilution | Gram-negative Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 |
Ethanol: MIC = 62.5; MBC = 125–250 µg/mL Ethyl acetate: MIC = 31.3; MBC = 125 µg/mL |
[136] |
|
Not specified Methanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (12.5–200 mg/mL) |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (2 strains) Enterococcus faecalis (3 strains) Enterococcus durans Sp. 33 Gram-negative Proteus mirabilis (3 strains) Salmonella S7 Serratia U11 Providensia alcalifaciens Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
Φ = 9–19 mm at 50–200 mg/mL Φ = 9.5–14 mm at 100–200 mg/mL Φ = 10–13 mm at 100–200 mg/mL Φ = 8–16 mm at 100–200 mg/mL Φ = 8–13 mm at 50–200 mg/mL Φ = 12 mm at 200 mg/mL Φ = 8–12 mm at 100–200 mg/mL Φ = 8 mm at 200 mg/mL |
[135] |
|
Flower Methanol |
Phenol contents (656.1 mg CAE/g FR) | Diffusion (50 mg/mL) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 p Streptococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 |
Φ = 1.3 mm; MIC = 62.5 μg/mL Φ = 1 mm; MIC = 125 μg/mL Φ = 0.3 mm; MIC = 500 μg/mL |
[46] |
|
Aerial parts Aqueous |
Not specified | Well diffusion (5–40 mg/mL) |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Gram-negative Escherichia coli |
Φ = 0.6–3.55 mm Φ = 0.6–3.6 mm |
[143] |
|
Stems Leaves Aqueous |
Not specified | Disc diffusion | Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Gram-negative Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Stems: Φ = 22.7 mm Leaves: Φ = 21.8 mm Stems: Φ = 9.2 mm Leaves: Φ = 23.9 mm Stems: Φ = 9.9 mm Leaves: Φ = 23.7 mm Stems: Φ = 27.4 mm Leaves: Φ = 24.9 mm |
[145] |
|
Leaves Flower Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa multidrug-resistant |
Leaves: No zone MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL Flowers: No inhibition |
[25] |
|
Not specified Aqueous |
Not specified | Disc diffusion (15–25%) |
Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 24212 |
Φ = 20.62 mm at 25% | [144] |
|
Flower Methanol Ethanol Hexane Diethyl ether |
Phenol content (3.7 mg GAE/g) (3.5 mg GAE/g) (2.4 mg GAE/g) (3.3 mg GAE/g) |
Disc diffusion (7.5–20 µg/disc) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 13565 Gram-negative Escherichia coli O157 ATCC 1659 Salmonella typhi ATCC 13076 |
Methanol: Φ = 9–20 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 10–20 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 9–21 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 7–18 mm; MIC=15 µg/mL Methanol: Φ = 11–19 mm; MIC=12.5 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 13–23 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 10–23 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Methanol: Φ = 8–18 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 9–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 7–15 mm; MIC = 17.5 µg/mL Methanol: Φ = 11–20 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 8–17 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 8–19 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 6–16 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL |
[115] |
|
Flower Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (3.12–50 mg/mL) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (14 strains) Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (6 strains) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 |
Φ = 10.3–12.7 mm at 25–50 mg/mL MIC = 6.25; MBC = 12.5 mg/mL Φ = 12.3 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL Φ = 12.1 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL |
[23] |
|
Leaves Ethanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion (3.12–50 mg/mL) Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (7 strains) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 |
Φ = 10.1 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC = 12.5; MBC = 25 mg/mL Φ = 9.8 mm at 50 mg/mL MIC–MBC > 50 mg/mL |
[23] |
|
Leaves Methanol |
Not specified | Well diffusion Micro-dilution |
Gram-positive Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11827 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736 Kocuria sp KM 24375 Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 |
Φ = 6 mm; MIC = 0.156 mg/mL No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition |
[142] |