Table 5.
Studies/investigations on in vitro antifungal activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oils, extracts, and other.
| Part Used | Main Component | Experimental Method | Tested Organism | Key Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Essential Oil | |||||
| Leaves | Not specified | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Candida albicans Aspergillus niger Aspergillus sp. |
Φ = 20 mm; MIC = MFC = 1 µg/mL Φ = 19 mm; MIC = MFC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 17 mm; MIC = MFC = 2 µg/mL Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 16; MFC > 16 µg/mL |
[111] |
| Flower | Cis-β-farnesene (27%) | Agar dilution (25–100 µL/mL) |
Aspergillus flavus AFl375 Aspergillus niger FC24771 Aspergillus terreus Y.H. Yeh V0103 Fusarium culmorum CBS 128537 |
Φ = 10.66–52.33% Φ = 89.66–100% Φ = 87–84% Φ = 91–86.66% |
[88] |
| Aerial parts (95% flowers) |
Trans-β-farnesene (18.7–38.5%) α-Bisabolol (38.3%) α-Bisabolol oxide A (25%) |
Macro-dilution | Candida albicans ATCC 10231 | MFC = 2000–4000 µg/mL | [27] |
| Flower | α-Bisabolol oxide A (48.22%) | Disc diffusion (7.5–20 µg/disc) Micro-dilution |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16875 |
Φ ~14–26 mm; MIC = 19 µg/mL Φ ~9–23 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL |
[115] |
| Aerial parts | Trans-β-farnesene (42.2%) | Micro-dilution |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888 |
MIC = 313 μg/mL MIC = 625 μg/mL |
[131] |
| Flower | α-Pinene (22.10%) | Broth dilution |
Candida albicans (30 resistant) Candida albicans (30 susceptible) |
MIC = 1700; MFC = 2300 μg/mL MIC = 1550; MFC = 2200 μg/mL |
[146] |
| Extracts | |||||
| Leaves Methanol | Not specified | Disc diffusion Micro-dilution |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Candida albicans Aspergillus niger Aspergillus sp. |
Φ = 15 mm; MIC = MFC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 15 mm; MIC = MFC = 100 µg/mL Φ = 14 mm; MIC = 100; MFC > 100 µg/mL Φ = 13 mm; MIC = 200; MFC > 200 µg/mL |
[111] |
| Leaves and flower Methanol Aqueous Chloroform |
Phenols | Disc diffusion |
Candida albicans ATCC 24433 Fusarium sp. |
Chloroform: Φ = 6 mm Other extracts: No inhibition Chloroform: Φ = 6 mm Other extracts: No inhibition |
[134] |
| Flower Ethanol |
Phenol content (151.45 mg CAE/mL) |
Micro-dilution | Aspergillus niger | MIC = 39.1 µg/mL | [117] |
| Not specified Methanol |
4-Amino- 1,5-pentandioic acid | Well diffusion | Aspergillus terreus | Φ = 5.89 mm | [141] |
| Flower Alcohol 70% |
Not specified | Spectrophotometer device | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Growth decrease = 48% at 3000 μg/mL | [148] |
| Aerial part Aqueous |
Not specified | Well diffusion | Candida albicans | Φ = 0.26–2.56 mm; MIC = 5–40% | [143] |
| Seeds Aqueous Sulfated derivatives |
Phenol content (16.4–19.7 mg GAE/g) (19.2–22.4 mg GAE/g) |
Disc diffusion |
Penicillium citrinum
Aspergillus niger |
Aqueous: Φ = 10–12 mm Sulfated derivatives: Φ = 10–12 mm Aqueous: Φ = 10 mm Sulfated derivatives: Φ = 7–10 mm |
[149] |
| Not specified Aqueous |
Not specified | Disc diffusion (15–25%) |
Candida albicans ATCC 24433 | Φ = 24.16 mm at concentration of 25% | [144] |
| Flower Methanol Ethanol Hexane Diethyl ether |
Not specified | Disc diffusion (7.5–20 µg/disc) Micro-dilution |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Aspergillus flavus ATCC 16875 |
Methanol: Φ = 15–23 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 8–21 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 9–23 mm; MIC = 10 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 8–20 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Methanol: Φ = 18–24 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Ethanol: Φ = 11–18 mm; MIC = 15 µg/mL Hexane: Φ = 8–20 mm; MIC = 12.5 µg/mL Diethyl ether: Φ = 6–21 mm; MIC = 17.5µg/mL |
[115] |
| Other | |||||
| Flower | Peptide AMP1 | Broth microdilution |
Candida albicans Aspergillus sp. |
MIC = 3.33–6.66 μmol MIC = 6.66–13.32 μmol |
[150] |