Table 2.
Metabolic and Hormone Profiles.
| Weeks | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 16 | Effect | p-Level | ηp2 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dL) |
WW | 89.1 ± 9 | 89.2 ± 8 | 85.3 ± 8 | 87.4 ± 6 | 88.1 ± 5 | 89.0 ± 7 | Group | 0.658 | 0.004 |
| CV | 91.5 ± 15 | 88.7 ± 14 | 86.9 ± 9 | 90.7 ± 19 | 88.4 ± 8 | 87.9 ± 16 | Time | 0.237 | 0.028 | |
| G × T | 0.628 | 0.012 | ||||||||
| Insulin (IU/mL) |
WW | 11.0 ± 5 | 10.7 ± 4 | 10.7 ± 8 | 11.2 ± 6 | 11.1 ± 5 | 10.6 ± 5 | Group | 0.000 | 0.307 |
| CV | 20.5 ± 12 | 15.9 ± 7 † | 16.8 ± 8 | 14.5 ± 7 † | 17.4 ± 7 | 16.1 ± 8 † | Time | 0.214 | 0.029 | |
| G × T | 0.240 | 0.028 | ||||||||
| HOMA | WW | 2.40 ± 1 | 2.35 ± 1 | 2.27 ± 2 | 2.39 ± 1 | 2.42 ± 1 | 2.35 ± 1 | Group | 0.000 | 0.310 |
| CV | 4.71 ± 3 | 3.44 ± 1 † | 3.66 ± 2 | 3.23 ± 2 † | 3.77 ± 1 † | 3.56 ± 2 † | Time | 0.134 | 0.036 | |
| G × T | 0.174 | 0.032 | ||||||||
| Leptin (ng/mL) |
WW | 51.3 ± 22 | 46.8 ± 27 † | 43.2 ± 32 | 45.5 ± 35 † | 45.5 ± 30 | 42.3 ± 29 † | Group | 0.837 | 0.001 |
| CV | 66.3 ± 27 b | 53.0 ± 26 | 50.0 ± 22 | 42.1 ± 27 | 48.3 ± 23 | 52.7 ± 25 | Time | 0.001 | 0.094 | |
| G × T | 0.123 | 0.036 | ||||||||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) |
WW | 186 ± 30 | 172 ± 27 † | 172 ± 24 † | 175 ± 31 † | 177 ± 29 | 173 ± 30 † | Group | 0.328 | 0.020 |
| CV | 175 ± 30 | 164 ± 31 † | 168 ± 33 | 167 ± 31 | 173 ± 30 | 171 ± 33 | Time | 0.001 | 0.091 | |
| G × T | 0.589 | 0.015 | ||||||||
| LDLc (mg/dL) |
WW | 110 ± 26 b | 103 ± 24 † | 102 ± 23 † | 105 ± 25 | 101 ± 24 † | 96 ± 22 † | Group | 0.837 | 0.001 |
| CV | 97.7 ± 26 | 90.5 ± 29 | 93.3 ± 28 | 94.0 ± 25 | 97.0 ± 27 | 92.9 ± 28 | Time | 0.010 | 0.062 | |
| G × T | 0.260 | 0.026 | ||||||||
| HDLc (mg/dL) |
WW | 52.1 ± 14 | 46.8 ± 13 † | 46.3 ± 10 † | 46.4 ± 12 † | 48.0 ± 11 † | 50.8 ± 14 | Group | 0.699 | 0.003 |
| CV | 51.7 ± 15 | 49.7 ± 12 | 51.7 ± 13 | 52.7 ± 14 b | 52.3 ± 14 | 54.3 ± 16 | Time | 0.000 | 0.115 | |
| G × T | 0.017 | 0.059 | ||||||||
| CHL:HDL Ratio | WW | 3.77 ± 1.0 | 3.87 ± 1.0 | 3.88 ± 1.0 b | 3.96 ± 1.1 † | 3.94 ± 1.3 | 3.64 ± 1.2 | Group | 0.959 | 0.000 |
| CV | 3.60 ± 1.1 | 3.48 ± 0.9 | 3.42 ± 1.0 | 3.42 ± 0.9 b | 3.55 ± 1.0 | 3.45 ± 1.0 | Time | 0.214 | 0.029 | |
| G × T | 0.139 | 0.034 | ||||||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
WW | 120 ± 44 | 122 ± 49 | 115 ± 35 | 122 ± 53 | 123 ± 49 | 131 ± 99 | Group | 0.505 | 0.009 |
| CV | 126 ± 59 | 113 ± 58 | 115 ± 50 | 109 ± 49 † | 119 ± 54 | 124 ± 63 | Time | 0.363 | 0.021 | |
| G × T | 0.678 | 0.010 | ||||||||
Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations for the Curves (CV) and Weight Watchers (WW) groups. General Linear Model analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda Time (p = 0.148) and Group × Time (p = 0.267) effects for glucose homeostasis variables and Time (p < 0.001) and Group × Time (p = 0.098) for lipid related variables. Greenhouse-Geisser univariate p-levels are listed for Group (G), Time (T), Group × Time (G × T). HOMA = homeostasis model assessment, LDLc = low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDLc = high density lipoprotein cholesterol, CHL = cholesterol. Partial ETA squared (ηp2) are presented to assess effect sizes where 0.01 is considered small, 0.09 considered medium, and 0.25 considered large effect sizes. Superscripts † = p < 0.05 difference from baseline value; a = p < 0.05 difference between CV and WW groups; and, b = p > 0.05 to p < 0.10 difference between CV and WW groups.