Table 6.

Effect of penicillamine, hypotaurine and epinephrine (PHE) on sperm velocity and trajectory shape parameters in four hamster species. F and p values correspond to repeated measures ANOVA using time of incubation and treatment (control vs. PHE) as independent variables, and sperm parameters as dependent variables. VCL: curvilinear velocity. VSL: straight-line velocity. VAP: average path velocity. LIN: linearity. STR: straightness. WOB: wobble coefficient. ALH: amplitude of lateral head movement. BCF: beat-cross frequency. VPC1: velocity principal component 1. TPC1: trajectory shape principal component 1. TPC2: trajectory shape principal component 2. Significant differences between treatments and times of incubation (p < 0.05) are shown in boldface.

Species	Variable	Time		Treatment		Interaction
		F	p	F	p	F	p
Mesocricetus auratus	VCL (µm s−1)	28.78	<0.001	67.30	<0.001	3.54	0.024
	VSL (µm s−1)	14.62	<0.001	46.25	<0.001	4.43	0.011
	VAP (µm s−1)	29.51	<0.001	50.80	<0.001	3.26	0.031
	LIN	2.75	0.056	17.82	<0.001	2.83	0.074
	STR	1.04	0.384	19.68	<0.001	3.80	0.017
	WOB	15.50	<0.001	10.48	0.002	1.28	0.295
	ALH (µm)	0.68	0.573	26.39	<0.001	1.10	0.361
	BCF (Hz)	101.82	<0.001	93.48	<0.001	15.10	<0.001
	VPC1	25.98	<0.001	59.27	<0.001	4.09	0.014
	TPC1	5.12	0.004	9.61	0.004	2.45	0.077
	TPC2	7.08	0.001	73.25	<0.001	5.73	0.003
Phodopus campbelli	VCL (µm s−1)	12.90	<0.001	0.22	0.644	0.52	0.669
	VSL (µm s−1)	99.74	<0.001	4.53	0.042	0.09	0.964
	VAP (µm s−1)	83.46	<0.001	1.57	0.221	0.24	0.867
	LIN	61.32	<0.001	4.98	0.034	0.52	0.673
	STR	17.99	<0.001	1.51	0.230	0.29	0.832
	WOB	196.44	<0.001	14.20	0.001	1.11	0.363
	ALH (µm)	60.78	<0.001	7.96	0.009	2.29	0.100
	BCF (Hz)	43.82	<0.001	2.29	0.141	0.70	0.559
	VPC1	98.05	<0.001	2.15	0.154	0.15	0.931
	TPC1	70.65	<0.001	6.23	0.019	0.62	0.608
	TPC2	7.02	0.001	0.10	0.751	0.25	0.862
Phodopus sungorus	VCL (µm s−1)	8.19	<0.001	3.47	0.069	0.92	0.441
	VSL (µm s−1)	7.41	<0.001	2.46	0.124	0.63	0.603
	VAP (µm s−1)	9.70	<0.001	0.76	0.387	0.63	0.600
	LIN	2.75	0.055	6.27	0.016	0.32	0.814
	STR	1.88	0.148	2.75	0.105	0.59	0.626
	WOB	2.95	0.043	6.38	0.015	0.27	0.846
	ALH (µm)	1.02	0.394	5.36	0.060	0.09	0.966
	BCF (Hz)	1.85	0.153	0.02	0.899	1.11	0.355
	VPC1	9.79	<0.001	0.49	0.488	0.81	0.497
	TPC1	2.24	0.098	3.55	0.108	0.26	0.854
	TPC2	5.19	0.004	3.15	0.083	1.34	0.274
Phodopus roborovskii	VCL (µm s−1)	17.20	<0.001	4.75	0.038	0.22	0.879
	VSL (µm s−1)	2.61	0.071	8	0.009	0.60	0.620
	VAP (µm s−1)	0.89	0.460	9.34	0.005	0.42	0.739
	LIN	21.86	<0.001	2.99	0.095	0.29	0.833
	STR	9.20	<0.001	0.15	0.702	0.28	0.839
	WOB	20.12	<0.001	4.99	0.035	0.22	0.884
	ALH (µm)	30.78	<0.001	0.48	0.493	0.17	0.914
	BCF (Hz)	4.76	0.008	2.81	0.105	1.82	0.166
	VPC1	0.86	0.426	8.65	0.006	0.49	0.694
	TPC1	22.57	<0.001	2.33	0.138	0.27	0.843
	TPC2	11.21	<0.001	0.56	0.461	0.65	0.588