Table 7.
Effects of HS consumption on renal function.
| Country | Sex | Age (years) | Dose | Frequency/Days of Intervention | Sample Size | Design Study | Notes about Participants | Main Results | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | F | Exp. | CT | ||||||||
| Infusion/Decoction/Tea | |||||||||||
| Mexico | NI | NI | 30–80 | 10 g | 4 weeks | 53 | 37 | R, C, DBT | Subjects with hypertension, without drug treatment | Increased sodium excretion, a tendency for chlorine levels to decrease, no change in potassium excretion | [105] |
| Iraq | 9 | 15 | 31–65 | 15 g | 4 weeks | NI | NI | P, R, CC | Hypertension patients | Decrease in BP and decrease in urea nitrogen | [125] |
| Thailand | NI | NI | 36–65 | 1.5g | 15 days | 9 | 9 | NI | Healthy males | Uric acid excretion and clearance increased significantly | [131] |
| Capsule/Tablet | |||||||||||
| Italy | 0 | 93 | 22–63 | 100 mg HS, 100 mg Boswellia serrate, 400 mg L-methionine |
30 days | 46 | 47 | R | Treatment combined | In the HS group, 95.7% of patients showed significant clinical improvement compared to women treated with standard antibiotic therapy | [133] |
| Indonesia | 10 | 10 | 18–45 | 500 mg | 30 days | 20 | 0 | NI | Healthy volunteers | HS does not affect renal function in healthy subjects | [134] |
| Beverage | |||||||||||
| Iran | 22 | 38 | 52 (mean) | 425 mg | 8 weeks | 30 | 30 | R, DBT, PC | Of the participants in the study, 80% used insulin, and 20% used glucose-lowering drugs | Reduction in blood urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, urine creatinine, and urine albumin values, as well as a significant decrease in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein | [13] |
| Mexico | NI | NI | 25–61 | 250 g | 4 weeks | 86 | 84 | R, C, DBT | Subjects with hypertension stage I or II | Showed a tendency to reduce sodium, while the potassium level did not change | [106] |
| Thailand | 36 | 0 | 20–30 | 16 g–24 g/day | 2 weeks | 36 | 0 | NI | Healthy subjects | Urinary excretion decreases creatinine, uric acid, citrate, tartrate, calcium, sodium, potassium, and phosphate | [132] |
Exp: experimental group; SB: single-blind trial; CO: cross-over trial; O: observational; Q: quasi-experimental; HS: Hibiscus sabdariffa; M: male; F: female; CT: control group; NI: no information; R: randomized trial; C: controlled trial; DBT: double-blind trial; P: prospective trial; CC: clinical case-control; BP: blood pressure; PC: placebo control.