. 2022 Mar 31;10(4):172. doi: 10.3390/toxics10040172

Table 4.

Effects of nZnO on plants under salinity conditions.

Stress Conditions	nZnO Concentrations; Primary (PS) or Hydrodynamic Size (HS)	Plant Species	Application Method	Ameliorative Effects	Ref.
Irrigated in the beginning with 150 mM NaCl	20, 40 and 60 mg L⁻¹; PS 21.3 nm	Lupinus termis Forssk.	Seed priming for 12 h	Increased proline, protein and free amino acids, sugars, chlorophylls and carotenoids, total phenols and AsA. Improved the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, APX and CAT). Decreased lipid peroxidation	[89]
Irrigated in the beginning with 108 mM NaCl	10 mg L⁻¹; PS 30 nm	Brassica napus L.	Three foliar applications at 50, 65, and 80 days after sowing	Increased carotenoids, proline and sugars. Improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and the pool of ASA and total phenolic compounds. Decreased H₂O₂ production, lipid peroxidation and membrane leakage	[98]
Salinized drainage water	50, 100 and 150 mg L⁻¹; PS < 100 nm	Mangifera indica L.	Two foliar applications (full bloom and 1 month after)	Enhanced leaf NPK content, total carbohydrates and proline. Increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, POX, and CAT	[97]
<30 ds/m NaCl	12, 15 and 20 mg L⁻¹; PS 4.50–5.80 nm	Solanum tuberosum L.	Soil amended, 15 days before planting, and 20, 35, 45 and 70 days after planting	Increased plant height, fresh and dry weight, and leaf RWC. Improved the net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration and WUE. Increased the levels of chlorophyll, proline, phytohormones (GA) and leaf nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Na, Zn and B). Decreased the transpiration rate and the levels of ABA	[96]
150 mM NaCl	10, 50, 100 mg L⁻¹; not stated	Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Soil amended at the time of transplanting (15 days after sowing)	Increase the shoot and root fresh and dry weight, and length, leaf area, protein content, proline, and chlorophyll. Improved the net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and intercellular CO₂ concentration. Improved the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and APX).	[94]
150 mM NaCl applied 30 days after sowing	50 mg/L; not stated	Linum usitatissimum L.	Foliar application 60 days after sowing	Increased shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight and length, leaf area, and leaf nutrients (C, K and Ca). Improved net CO₂ assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, WUE, F_v/F_m, qP and Φ_PSII. Increased the levels of chlorophylls, proline, carbohydrates, NR, carbonic anhydrase, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT). Decreased the O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ production, lipid peroxidation.	[95]
150 mM NaCl for 7 days	25, 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹; not stated	Brassica napus L.	Seed priming for 8 h	Increased sugar, soluble protein and SOD activity	[99]