Table 7.
Ameliorative effects of nZnO application against the phytotoxicity of Cadmium (Cd).
| Salt; Concentration |
nZnO Concentration; Primary (PS) or Hydrodynamic Size (HS) | Plant Species | Application Method | Ameliorative Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CdCl2; 0.8 mM |
50 mg L−1; not stated | Oryza sativa L. | Foliar spray at 30 to 35 days after sowing | Improved plant length and biomass; Higher chlorophyll index; improved the gas exchange, including the net CO2 assimilation rate; reduced ROS accumulation and MDA content; promoted CAT activity; increased proline levels; promoted essential nutrient uptake; decreased Cd accumulation | [168] |
| Contaminated soil; 7.67 mg kg−1 | 25, 50, 100 mg L−1; PS 20–30 nm | Triticum aestivum L. | Foliar spray at two, three, four and five weeks after sowing | Enhanced plant growth; increased grain dry weight; increased pigment content; decreased MDA, electrolyte leakage and H2O2 content; upregulated SOD and CAT activity; decreased Cd accumulation and transfer to shoots, and Cd bioavailability | [171] |
| 7.86 mg kg−1 | 50, 75, 100 mg L−1; PS 20–30 nm | Zea mays L. | Foliar spray in 32 days-old plants | Increases shoot and root dry weight; enhanced photosynthetic pigment content and gas exchange related parameters; decreased MDA and membrane permeability; promoted CAT, APX and POD activity; decreased Cd accumulation | [170] |
| Contaminated soil; 7.38 mg kg−1 | 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L−1; PS 20–30 nm; | Triticum aestivum L. | Seed priming | Stimulated plant growth; promoted gas exchange; increased pigment contents; decreased electrolyte leakage; increased SOD and G-POX activities; decreased Cd content and bioavailability | [172] |
| Contaminated soil; 7.38 mg kg−1 | 50, 75, 100 mg L−1; PS 20–30 nm; | Orysa sativa L. | Foliar spray after 14, 21, 38 and 35 days after transplantation | Increased shoot length and dry weight, and root dry weight; increased chlorophyll a and b contents; stimulated gas exchange; decreased Cd uptake and translocation | [169] |
| Contaminated soil; 7.38 mg kg−1 | 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L−1; PS 20–30 nm; | Triticum aestivum L. | In soil; Foliar spray after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after sowing | Promoted plant growth; increased grain dry weight; increased chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid contents; stimulated gas exchange; electrolyte leakage decrease; SOD and G-POX activities increase; decreased Cd uptake and translocation, and Cd accumulation in grains | [73] |
| CdCl2; 50 mg L−1 |
25 mg L−1; PS 2–64 nm | Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit | Hydroponic system (15 days) | Promoted plant growth; increased chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid contents; increased total soluble protein levels; SOD, CAT and G-POX activities increase; decrease of DHA damage | [61] |