Table 9.

Beneficial application of nZnO on plant diseases management.

NM	Size; Concentrations	Disease Management	Causal Organism	Targeted Plant	Application Method	Outcome	Ref.
nZnO doped with Fe, Mn, Cu or Ni	Not stated; 5, 10 mg L−1	White spot	Pantoea ananatis	Zea mays L.	Leaf spray	Antibacterial activity (nZnO doped with Fe or Mn); reduced disease progression (all).	[189]
nZnO	≤40 nm; 0.01%	Bacterial blight diseases complex	Meloidogyne incógnita + Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi	Pisum sativum L.	Seed priming; Foliar spray	Antibacterial activity; nematocidal activity Increased plant growth and pigment content; reduced the disease index; reduced galling and nematode populations.	[188]
nZnO	16–31 nm; 500 mg kg−1	Bacterial wilt	Ralstonia solanacearum	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Soil amendment	Enhanced plant growth; decreased MDA content; increased plenylalanine ammonia lyase and POD activity; Increased the richness and diversity of soil microbial communities	[185]
CuZn@DEG and ZnO@PEG	35 nm and 18 nm; 50–1400 µg mL−1	Lettuce drop	Botrytis cinerea; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	Lactuca sativa L.	Foliar spray	Antifungal activity; reduced the disease index; improved photosynthesis	[193]
nZnO	9–32 nm; 18 µg mL−1	Bacterial wilt	Ralstonia solanacearum	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Soil amendment	Antibacterial activity; stimulated plant growth; reduced bacterial soil population; decreased disease severity	[190]
nZnO	23.44 nm; 100, 1500, 3000 mg L−1	Fungal wilt	Fusarium oxysporum	Solanum lycopersicum	Foliar spray	Antifungal activity; impaired disease development; promoted plant growth	[194]
nZnO	56.1–110.0 nm; 16.0 μg mL−1	Bacterial leaf blight	Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae	Oryza sativa L.	Foliar spray	Antibacterial activity; decreased the percentage disease leaf area; improved plant growth	[183]
nZnO	25–450 nm; 7.5 × 10−3 M	Gray mold	Botrytis cinerea	Fragaria × ananassa	Foliar and fruit spay	Antifungal activity; reduced disease incidence; improved crop production; increased fruit shelf-life	[198]
nZnO	74.68 nm; 100 μg mL−1	Mosaic disease	Tobacco mosaic virus	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Foliar spray	Induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and reduction of viral accumulation levels and of disease severity; increased plant growth; up-regulated the transcriptional levels of PAL, PR-1, CHS, and POD genes.	[199]