Table 10.

Beneficial application of nTiO₂ on plant disease management.

Size; Concentration	Disease Management	Causal Organism	Targeted Plant	Application Method	Outcome	Ref.
Not stated; 0.5 g L−1	Cercospora leaf spot	Cercospora beticola	Beta vulgaris L.	Foliar spray	Antifungal agent; reduced leaf spots; increased growth and yield	[202]
10–50 nm; 1.6%	Angular leaf spot of cucumber and downy mildew disease	P. syringae pv. lachrymans and Pseudomonas cubensis	Cucumis sativus L.	Foliar spray	Antibacterial activity; decreased leaf lesions; improved photosynthesis and chlorophyll levels	[205]
20 nm; 0.02–0.0007%	Root-knot	Meloidogyne incognita	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Soil	Nematocidal activity Reduced plant weight, and root and stem length	[207]
700 × 900 nm; 150 μM	Broad bean stain disease	Broad bean stain virus (BBSV)	Vicia faba L.	Foliar spray	Antiviral activity; reduced stain virus accumulation in leaves; growth improvement	[208]
Not stated; 1000, 100, and 250 ppm	Tomato psyllid	Bactericera cockerelli	Solanum lycopersicum L.	Foliar spray	Insecticidal effect; increased insect mortality.	[209]