Table 1.
The studies show the relation between Parkinson’s and Cardiovascular disease.
| SN | Citations | Relation * | ME | PS | Outcome | TRE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cuenca-Bermejo et al. [105] (2021) |
Cardiac changes in PD | LBBM | NR | In PD patients with a lack of sympathetic innervation in the heart, cardiac abnormalities have also been identified. Post-prandial hypotension, supine hypertension, increasing blood pressure variability, reduced heart rate variability, and chronotropic incompetence are also symptoms. | NR |
| 2 | Park et al. [106] (2020) | PD with risk of CVD | Population-based cohort study | NR | PD was linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Physicians must also pay attention to CVD prevention in individuals with PD. | NR |
| 3 | Potashkin et al. [92] (2020) |
Relation between CVD and PD | LBBM | 47 | Inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress are among the basic mechanisms that both CV disease and PD share. Physical exercise and moderate coffee intake are two modifiable risk variables that are inversely related to both CV disease and PD. | NR |
| 4 | Değirmenci et al. [83] (2020) |
Cardiac effect of PD | LBBM | NR | Cardiac problems are frequent in PD patients. PD is associated with CVD, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac autonomic dysfunction, heart failure, sudden death, and hypertension. |
Levodopa, Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, anticholinergic drugs, deep brain simulations |
| 5 | Fanciulli et al. [91] (2020) |
Orthostatic hypertension in PD | LBBM | NR | Syncope, unexplained falls, lightheadedness, cognitive impairment, blurred vision, dyspnea, weariness, and shoulders, neck, or low-back discomfort are all symptoms of Orthostatic hypotension. They appear when you stand up and go away when you lie down. | Droxidopa, fludrocortisone, clonidine, transdermal nitroglycerin, nifedipine |
| 6 | Yan et al. [107] (2019) | Relation of Carotid plaque in PD | LBBM | 68 | As PD becoming worsening, the thickness of carotid plaques also increases. | NR |
| 7 | Scorza et al. [108] (2018) | Cardiac abnormalities in PD | LBBM | NR | Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and sudden cardiac death are all symptoms of PD/PS. | NR |
| 8 | Günaydın et al. [85] (2016) |
CVD risk in PD under levodopa treatment | LBBM | 65 | Compared to healthy people, those with PD who use L-dopa have increased aortic stiffness and poor diastolic performance. Homocysteine levels in the blood may be a potential pathophysiological factor. | NR |
| 9 | Huang et al. [92] (2015) | plasma cholesterol risk in PD | LBBM | 156 | Statin usage has been linked to an increased risk of PD, although larger total cholesterol has been linked to a decreased risk. | Statins |
| 10 | Vikdahl et al. [109] (2015) | CVD risk in PD | LBBM | 147 | High blood cholesterol levels, smoking habits, and a high body mass index (BMI) have all been considered risk factors for PD. A moderate degree of physical exercise may help to lower the risk of heart disease. | NR |
| 11 | Goldstein [47] (2014) | Dystonia in PD | LBBM | 23 | Orthostatic hypotension in PD can be explained by the loss of sympathetic nerves and the associated failure of the baroreflex. During levodopa medication, hypotension might exacerbate after standing or after a substantial meal. |
NR |
| 12 | Liang et al. [31] (2015) | Risk of CAD due to PD | LBBM | NR | PD is related to an increased risk of AMI; the mechanism needs to be explained. | NR |
| 13 | Goldstein [110] (2014) | Cardiac denervation in PD | LBBM | 40 | In individuals with PD and neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, cardiac sympathetic denervation is almost ubiquitous. Before the start of the movement disorder, baroreflex-cardiovagal failure and cardiac sympathetic denervation can occur, suggesting that neuroradiologic testing might be used as a biomarker for diagnosing presymptomatic or early PD and monitoring responses to possible neuroprotective therapies. | NR |
| 14 | Pan et al. [111] (2013) | Relation between Serum Uric acid with vascular PD | LBBM | 160 | Low uric acid levels are more likely to develop PD, and the inverse connection between uric acid and PD severity was strong for males but weak for women. There is no connection for uric acid found in vascular PD. | NR |
| 15 | Wong et al. [97] (2012) | PD with Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation | LBBM | 27 | In IPD, there is a sign of cardiac sympathetic denervation. | NR |
| 16 | Czarkowska et al. [112] (2010) | PD with Cardiac response | LBBM | 53 | With the progression of PD, cardiac responses to orthostatic stress worsen. The fall is caused by the detonation. | NR |
| 17 | Buob et al. [113] (2010) | Cardiac dysfunction in PD | LBBM | 07 | The chronotropic and contractile responses mediated by catecholamines rule out a functionally significant sympathetic malfunction. Sympathetic denervation maybe still not be complete, and the surviving fibers are enough to sustain autonomic control. | NR |
| 18 | Walter et al. [114] (2008) | PD with Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction | LBBM | NR | Other parkinsonian illnesses are characterized by peripheral autonomic dysfunction. | Somatostatin, levodopa |
SN: serial number; * RELATION: Effect of PD on CVD; ME: method of evaluation; PS: patient size; TRE: treatment; NR: not reported; AMI: acute myocardial Interaction; LBBM: laboratory based biomarkers.