Table 2.
Research progress in degradation of MB dye by TiO2 composite catalyst.
| Material | Synthesis Method | MB (mg L−1) |
Catalyst Loading (g L−1) | Light Source | Highest Degradation | Cyclic Degradation | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2 | — | 20 | 0.4 | UV light | 60 min, 85.45% | 4 cycles, 62.49% | [40] |
| Bamboo biochar/TiO2 | Calcination method | 12.8 | 0.2 | UV light | 60 min, 95% | — | [51] |
| Visible light | 60 min, 97% | 4 cycles, 75% | |||||
| SnO2/TiO2 | Hydrothermal techniques | 20 | 0.5 | Visible light | 50 min, 90% | 4 cycles, 87% | [52] |
| Lignin biochar/TiO2 | Microwave-hydrothermal and calcination method | 12.8 | 0.2 | UV light | 25 min, 93% | — | [53] |
| CMP/TiO2 | Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling reaction | 8.6 | 0.28 | Visible light | 60 min, 96.8% | 5 cycles, 93.1% | [38] |
| Biomolecules wrapped TiO2 | Microwave irradiation method | 10 | 0.2 | Visible light | 6 h, 90.6% | — | [54] |
| Hierarchical H3PW12O40/TiO2 | Impregnation and layer-by-layer methods | 10 | 0.25 | UV light | 5 min, 95% | 5 cycles, 65% 6 cycles after calcination, 96% |
[55] |
| P(MMA-co-BA-coMTC)/TiO2 | Suspension polymerization | 6 | 20 | UV light | 270 min, 99.66% | 20 cycles, 98.7% | [56] |
| TiO2/AC | Sol–gel method | 20 | 0.4 | UV light | 60 min, 99.43% | 4 cycles, 88.06% | [40] |
| B-TiO2/CF | Hydrothermal method | 10 | 0.75 | UV light | 10 min, 76% | 5 cycles, slight decrease | [57] |
| Visible light | 10 min, 69% | ||||||
| TiO2/CRFs | Carbonization, impregnation and calcination method | 10 | 1.25 | UV light | 60 min, 97.9% | — | This study |
| Visible light | 80 min, 98.1% | 5 cycles, 90.2% |