Different scaffolds and their properties obtained for tissue engineering.

Materials	Cells	Cell culture	Special	Ref.
Alginate–PVA–hydroxyapatite	Mouse calvaria (MC) 3T3-E1	14 days	In vitro, viability = ∼77% (after incubation), >∼22% for only alginate, could maintain structure for at least 14 days. Alginate hydroxyapatite had optimum mechanical, rheological and biological characteristics. PVA–hydroxyapatite modulates viscosity and thus enhanced osteoconduction and viscosity	32
Alginate–polylactic acid short fibers	Human chondrocytes	14 days	In vitro, ∼80% viability	33
Alginate–PVA–hydroxyapatite–collagen	Mouse calvaria (MC) 3T3-E1	10 days	In vitro, initial viability >98%, collagen increases cell adhesion and activity	34
Na alginate–collagen or Na alginate–agarose	Chondrocytes from the articular cartilage of rats	14–21 days	Na alginate–collagen possessed better mechanical strength and bioactivity than other combinations	35
Alginate–polycaprolactone	Human nasal septum cartilage chondrocytes	7 days	Osteogenic tissue engineering, viability = ∼94% (chondrocytes) ∼96% (osteoblast), no observable proliferation in chondrocytes	36
Alginate–alginate sulfate	Bone morphogenetic protein-2, MC3T3-E1	7 days	In vitro, 80% proliferation, improved retention of proteins, alginate–alginate sulfate tightly bound BMP-2, which aids adhesion and cell viability, Ca presence and porosity favorable for bone tissue engineering	37
Alginate–gelatin–fibrinogen	Glioma cells/stem cells	21 days	3rd week showed accelerated growth mimicking the tumor spreading and growth, cell viability = 86.92%	38
Sodium alginate–gelatin	Rat Schwann cell line (RSC96)	14 days	Viability = ∼93% (post 14 days), printed structures start degrading after 14 days	39
Alginate–polycaprolactone	Chondrogenic cell ATDC5	21 days	In vivo, ∼70 viable cells, maintained integrity of the PCL scaffold even after 21 days, composite mimics the natural characteristics of cartilage	40
Oxidized alginate–gelatin–NCDs	Osteosarcoma cell line MG63	1–3 days	Viability = 97% after 3 days, adding NCDs increases cell viability, cell attachment, and storage modulus	This work