Antimicrobial activity of copper suspensions and copper-containing surfaces against microorganisms^a.

Test organism & strain	Inoculum	Antimicrobial agent & UNS name	NP concentration & size	Inactivation time	Primary/significant MoA	Ref.
E. coli O157:H7	1 × 107 CFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	10 min	ROS not via Fenton	41
E. coli K12	1 × 107 CFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	10 min
E. coli-ATCC 15224	<1.0 × 108 CFU	CuNP suspension	20–100 μg mL−1, 12 nm	Not specified	Physical interaction	42
E. coli K12	1 × 108 CFU	CuNP suspension	3.0 & 7.5 μg mL−1 62.5 nm	1 h	ROS via Fenton	46
MRSA-NCTC 10442	1 × 107 CFU	Cu surface (C19700)	—	45 min	ROS not via Fenton	27
EMRSA-1 NCTC 11939	1.9 × 107 CFU	Cu surface (C19700)	—	60 min
EMRSA-16 NCTC 13143	1.5 × 107 CFU	Cu surface (C19700)	—	90 min
EMRSA-16 NCTC 13143	1 × 107 CFU	Cu surface	—	20 min		53
MSSA-ATCC 49230	1 × 107 CFU	Cu surface	—	15 min
S. aureus-ATCC 6538	1 × 105 CFU	CuNP suspension	200–3200 μg mL−1, 9 nm	16 h	Physical interaction	54
SARS-CoV-2 – USA-WA1/2020	5 μm × 105.25 TCID50/mL	Cu surface	—	4 h	RNA degradation	29
HuCoV-229E	1 × 103 PFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	60 min		62
Influenza A H1N1	2 × 106 PFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	6 h	Cu ions cause RNA degradation	28
Norovirus-murine norovirus	5 × 104 PFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	30 min	Cu ions, particularly, Cu+, cause RNA degradation	65
Aspergillus spp.	1 × 106 spores	CuNP suspension	100 μg mL−1, 25.5 nm	5 days	Physical interaction, copper ions	71
C. albicans SC5314, CAF3-1, CaCUP1, CaCRP1	12.5 × 106 CFU	Cu surface (C11000)	—	60 min (mutants 5–10 min)		9
Candida spp., C. Albicans ATCC MYA-2876, C. glabrata ATCC 2001, C. tropicalis ATCC 750	1–5 × 105 CFU	CuONP suspension	25–200 mM, 35 nm	Not specified		73

^aUNS: unified numbering system for metals and alloys; MoA: mechanism of action; ref: reference.