Table 2.

Estimates of variance components, heritabilities, mean and range of mid-parent (MPH) and better-parent (BPH) heterosis, correlations between mid-parent values and hybrid performance r(MP, HYB), general combining ability effects and hybrid performance r(GCA, HYB) as well as general combining ability effects and line per se performance r(GCA, per se)

Source	GY (t/ha)	PC (%)	WGC (%)	SDS (ml)	EX (mm)	REX (EU)	R (REX/EX)	EN (cm2)	WA (%)	MT (%)	BR (1–5)	BV (ml)
Parents
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{G}}^2$	9.44***	0.48***	2.54***	89.89***	204.01***	2793.56***	0.10***	851.88***	4.82***	0.02***	0.26***	3007.55***
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GxE}}^2$	11.49***	0.12**	1.24	12.80***	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00	0.27***	0.00	0.04	0.00
${\mathrm{h}}^2$	0.45	0.85	0.76	0.89	0.91	0.93	0.90	0.94	0.97	0.77	0.72	0.93
$F_1$-hybrids
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{G}}^2$	0.19	0.17***	1.33***	59.06***	87.80***	1868.73***	0.06***	483.99***	2.42***	0.01***	0.11***	2083.50***
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{F}}^2$	5.88	0.23***	1.60***	44.91***	91.19***	1196.00***	0.04***	391.30***	1.66***	0.01***	0.12*	1718.82***
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{M}}^2$	3.47	0.06	0.46*	19.04*	22.26*	583.85***	0.02**	108.77***	0.37**	0.0001	0.01	415.64**
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{SCA}}^2$	0.15	0.00	0.15	8.98*	1.04	96.81	0.0037	0.00	0.21**	0.0012	0.05	64.68
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{FxE}}^2$	10.06**	0.01	0.54*	6.10*	15.64	64.91	0.0027	20.02	0.14**	0.0022	0.09**	76.89
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{MxE}}^2$	4.92	0.01	0.03	1.99	0.41	66.70	0.0025	15.08	0.03	0.0006	0.00	22.67
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{e}}^2$	28.65	0.32	1.74	12.89	57.75	489.76	0.03	120.78	0.31	0.01	0.26	701.62
${\mathrm{h}}^2$	0.43	0.75	0.74	0.86	0.86	0.89	0.85	0.90	0.93	0.64	0.63	0.90
${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{SCA}}^2$/${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}}^2$	0.02	0.00	0.07	0.12	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.00	0.09	0.12	0.29	0.03
MPH (%)	6.36	− 1.66	− 1.29	0.57	1.04	1.62	2.63	1.52	− 0.62	− 0.91	4.22	0.67
Range MPH (%)	− 14.81 to 7.37	− 10.50 to 10.16	− 13.07 to 30.05	− 34.59 to 39.04	− 14.27 to 22.46	− 30.94 to 45.98	− 40.21 to 66.20	− 32.50 to 56.95	− 5.81 to 6.03	− 14.10 to 12.57	− 42.09 to 67.08	− 10.83 to 19.13
BPH (%)	3.40	− 4.94	− 4.59	− 11.25	− 4.76	− 10.18	− 8.34	− 15.34	− 3.14	− 5.17	− 8.94	− 4.15
Range BPH (%)	− 19.93 to 17.15	− 18.83 to 6.26	− 20.38 to 27.70	− 51.91 to 38.33	− 17.34 to 22.39	− 44.00 to 30.65	− 43.02 to 47.25	−56.31–39.65	− 10.43 to 4.69	− 22.39 to 11.32	− 53.60 to 43.48	− 18.33 to 14.47
r(MP, HYB)	0.42***	0.71***	0.49***	0.81***	0.59***	0.67***	0.48***	0.84***	0.76***	0.65***	0.55***	0.84***
r(GCA, HYB)	0.94***	0.95***	0.96***	0.97***	0.96***	0.98***	0.97***	0.99***	0.98***	0.91***	0.90***	0.99***
r(GCA, per se)	0.38***	0.62***	0.42***	0.75***	0.53***	0.65***	0.53***	0.73***	0.74***	0.60***	0.51***	0.77***

For abbreviations of the traits, see Table 1

${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{G}}^2$ = Genetic variance, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{e}}^2$ = Error variance, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GxE}}^2$ = Variance of genotype-by-environment interaction, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{F}}^2$ = GCA variance of females, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{M}}^2$ = GCA variance of males, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{SCA}}^2$ = SCA variance, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{FxE}}^2$ = Variance of female GCA-by-environment interaction, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}-\mathrm{MxE}}^2$ = Variance of male GCA-by-environment interaction, ${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{SCA}}^2$/${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}}^2$ = Ratio of SCA variance and the sum of GCA female, GCA male and SCA variance (${\mathrm{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{GCA}}^2$), ${\mathrm{h}}^2$ = Heritability

*, **, ***Significantly different from zero at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 level of probability, respectively