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. 2022 Apr 22;12:6627. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09069-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Boxplot of bias relative to the gold standard (stratified Cox model on the pooled dataset across all sites). The two methods compared in the plot are meta-analysis (meta) and One-shot Distributed Algorithm for Cox model with Heterogeneous baseline hazards (ODACH). The event rate varies from 20 to 1% and under each setting the boxplots are based on 200 replications of the simulation. The true effect size is 1.