Table 1.
Selected novel and emerging treatments for atherosclerosis
| Type | Agent | Target | Mechanism | Phase | NCT number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypolipemiants | Alirocumab, evolocumab | PCSK9 | Monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 | Phase 3 | NCT04790513 |
| Lerodalcibep | PCSK9 | Anti-PCSK9 small binding protein | Phase 3 | NCT04798430 | |
| Inclisiran | PCSK9 | Interfering RNA strategy targeting PCSK9 | Phase 3 | NCT04929249 | |
| AT04A (AFF012) | PCSK9 | Monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 | Phase 1 | NCT02508896 | |
| Evinacumab | ANGPTL3 | Monoclonal antibody to ANGPTL3 | Phase 3 | NCT04233918 | |
| Angptl3 ASO | ANGPTL3 | Antisense oligonucleotide targeting ANGPTL3 | Phase 1 | NCT02709850 | |
| Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) | ATP citrate lyase | Inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase | Phase 3 | NCT03067441 | |
| Lomitapide | MTP | An inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein | Phase 3 | NCT02145468 | |
| Pradigastat (LCQ908) | DGAT1 | A selective small-molecule DGAT1 inhibitor | Phase 2 | NCT01474434 | |
| Pelacarsen (TQJ230) | Lipoprotein(a) | Antisense oligonucleotides targeting lipoprotein(a) | Phase 3 | NCT04023552 | |
| CSL-112 | ApoAI | A new formulation of apolipoprotein AI | Phase 3 | NCT03473223 | |
| Mipomersen | ApoB | Antisense oligonucleotide targeting apolipoprotein B100 | Phase 3 | NCT00794664 | |
| Volanesorsen | ApoCIII | Antisense oligonucleotide targeting apolipoprotein CIII | Phase 3 | NCT02658175 | |
| Pemafibrate | PPARα | A selective PPARα modulator | Phase 3 | NCT03071692 | |
| ACP-501 | Unknown | A recombinant human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase | Phase 2 | NCT03773172 | |
| Gemcabene | ACC | Inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase | Phase 2 | NCT02585869 | |
| Icosapent ethyl | Unknown | A high-purity prescription form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester | Phase 4 | NCT04505098 | |
| Hypoglycemics | Lixisenatide (AVE0010) | GLP-1 | Active receptor for endogenous incretin GLP-1 | Phase 3 | NCT01147250 |
| Liraglutide | GLP-1 | GLP-1 receptor agonist | Phase 3 | NCT04057261 | |
| Semaglutide | GLP-1 | GLP-1 analog | Phase 3 | NCT05071417 | |
| Exenatide | GLP-1 | GLP-1 receptor agonist | Phase 2 | NCT03287076 | |
| Dulaglutide | GLP-1 | Active GLP-1 receptor, increase cAMP in pancreatic islet β cell | Phase 3 | NCT01394952 | |
| Empagliflozin | SGLT-2 | Inhibit the transporter SGLT-2 in glomerulus | Phase 4 | NCT04461041 | |
| Dapagliflozin | SGLT-2 | Inhibit SGLT-2, increase natriuresis | Phase 3 | NCT04564742 | |
| Ertugliflozin | SGLT-2 | SGLT-2 inhibitor | Phase 3 | NCT03717194 | |
| Canagliflozin | SGLT-2 | Block reabsorption of glucose through kidney | Phase 3 | NCT01032629 | |
| Gliflozins | SGLT-2 | Specific renal action by enhancing glucosuria | Phase 2 | NCT04419337 | |
| Vildagliptin | DPP-4 | DPP-4 inhibitor | Phase 4 | NCT01827280 | |
| Linagliptin | DPP-4 | Inhibiting the degradation of SDF-1α | Phase 4 | NCT02350478 | |
| Slogliptin | DPP-4 | Enhance homing of endothelial progenitor cells | Phase 3 | NCT00968708 | |
| Saxagliptin | DPP-4 | Catalyze GLP-1 | Phase 4 | NCT01552018 | |
| Sitagliptin | DPP-4 | DPP-4 inhibitor | Phase 2 | NCT02576288 |