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SMAD and non-SMAD pathways Schematic of the TGF-β-induced canonical SMAD and noncanonical non-SMAD signaling pathways Mature TGF-β phosphorylates TβR II, which recruits TβR I to phosphorylate receptor-SMAD proteins. Then, co-SMAD with the R-SMAD complex translates into the nucleus to regulate CAGA gene transcription. TGF-β actives non-SMAD pathways when connected to other downstream factors, such as SHC/GRB2/SODS, TRAF4/6, PAR6, and PI3K
