Table 1.
Description of the population, sample size, and baseline demographics of the included studies (N=34).
| Study | Country | Population of study | Sample size, n | Trial period (weeks) | Age (years), mean (SD) or mean (95% CI) | Baseline BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) or mean (95% CI) | Baseline weight (kg). mean (SD) or mean (95% CI) |
| Bender and Cooper, 2017 [32] | United States | Adults with diabetes | 45 | 24 | 57.6 (9.8) | 30.1 (4.6) | 75.8 (15.4) |
| Fukuoka et al, 2015 [33] | United States | Adults with prediabetes | 61 | 20 | 55.2 (9.0) | 33.3 (6.0) | 86.2 (18.5) |
| Whitelock et al, 2019 [34] | United Kingdom | Adults | 107 | 8 | 42.8 (10.5) | 35.9 (6.8) | 100.5 (20.4) |
| Vaz et al, 2018 [35] | United States | Adults | 28 | 24 | 39.5 (3.71) | 34.5 (1.3) | 94.3 (3.42) |
| Thompson-Felty and Johnston, 2017 [26] | United States | Adults | 30 | 8 | —a | — | — |
| Rogers et al, 2016 [36] | United States | Adults | 39 | 24 | 39.9 (11.5) | 39.5 (2.8) | 111.5 (11.5) |
| Svetkey et al, 2015 [29] | United States | Adults | 365 | 96 | 29.4 (4.3) | 35.2 (7.8) | 101 (23.7) |
| Thomas et al, 2019 [37] | United States | Adults | 276 | 72 | 55.1 (9.9) | 35.2 (5) | 95.9 (17.0) |
| Brindal et al, 2013 [38] | Australia | Adult women | 58 | 8 | 42 (—) | 34 (—) | 92.4 (14.7) |
| Laing et al, 2014 [39] | United States | Adult primary care patients | 212 | 24 | 43.3 (14.3) | 33.4 (7.09) | — |
| Spring et al, 2017 [28] | United States | Adults | 96 | 48 | 39.3 (11.7) | 34.6 (3.0) | 94.8 (12.4) |
| Shin et al, 2017 [40] | South Korea | Adult men | 105 | 12 | 27.8 (—) | 29.8 (—) | 91.4 (10.6) |
| Ross and Wing, 2016 [27] | United States | Adults | 80 | 24 | 51.1 (11.7) | 33.0 (3.4) | — |
| Gilmore et al, 2017 [41] | United States | Postpartum women | 40 | 16 | 26.0 (5.2) | 31.3 (3.2) | 83.8 (13.5) |
| Tanaka et al, 2018 [42] | Japan | Adults | 112 | 12 | 45.6 (10.2) | 28.0 (3.3) | 83.1 (11.1) |
| Allen et al, 2013 [43] | United States | Adults | 68 | 24 | 44.9 (11.1) | 34.3 (3.9) | 97.3 (16.2) |
| Stephens et al, 2017 [44] | United States | Adults | 62 | 12 | 20.0 (18.0-25.0) | 28.5 (25.0-40.4) | 82.8 (61-117.5) |
| Hales et al, 2016 [45] | United States | Adults | 51 | 12 | 46.2 (12.4) | 34.7 (6.0) | 102.1 (91.9-112.2) |
| Hartman et al, 2016 [46] | United States | Adult women with elevated risk for breast cancer | 54 | 24 | 59.5 (5.6) | 31.9 (3.5) | 86.3 (10.2) |
| Haufe et al, 2019 [47] | Germany | Adults with metabolic syndrome | 314 | 24 | 48.1 (8.1) | 33.3 (5.4) | 106.7 (19.1) |
| Turner-McGrievy et al, 2017 [48] | United States | Adults who were overweight | 81 | 24 | 48.6 (11.7) | 33.4 (4.8) | — |
| Jospe et al, 2017 [49] | New Zealand | Adults with overweight or obesity | 250 | 48 | 44.4 (10.2) | 33.5 (4.5) | 99.1 (17.3) |
| Burke et al, 2017 [50] | United States | Adults | 39 | 12 | 44.85 (12.75) | 33.76 (4.28) | 93.15 (15.89) |
| Lee et al, 2019 [51] | South Korea | Adults with metabolic syndrome | 129 | 24 | 30.59 (—) | — | 71.6 (12.2) |
| Turner-McGrievy and Tate, 2011 [52] | United States | Adults | 96 | 24 | 42.6 (10.7) | 32.9 (4.8) | — |
| Monroe et al, 2019 [53] | United States | Adults | 36 | 48 | 44.67 (8.96) | 36.22 (7.53) | 97.78 (21.04) |
| Choi et al, 2019 [54] | United States | Adult patients with cardiology issues | 100 | 24 | 57.2 (1.8) | 29.5 (0.6) | 84.8 |
| Evangelista et al, 2018 [55] | United States | Adults with heart failure | 16 | 12 | 52.3 (8.5) | — | — |
| Kurtzman et al, 2018 [56] | United States | Adults | 196 | 36 | 42.3 (11.5) | 36.0 (5.2) | 102.0 (18.8) |
| Carter et al, 2013 [12] | United Kingdom | Adults | 128 | 24 | 41.2 (8.5) | 33.7 (4.2) | 96.4 (16) |
| Duncan et al, 2020 [57] | Australia | Adults | 116 | 48 | 44.5 (10.4) | 31.7 (3.9) | 90.7 (14.3) |
| Lim et al, 2021 [58] | Singapore | Adults with diabetes | 204 | 24 | 51.2 (9.7) | 84.0 (12.6) | 30.6 (4.3) |
| Ahn et al, 2020 [59] | South Korea | Adults | 50 | 6 | 26.0 (4.8) | 77.1 (11.5) | 26.7 (2.7) |
| Lugones-Sanchez et al, 2020 [60] | Spain | Adults | 440 | 12 | 47.4 (10.0) | 89.7 (13.1) | 32.8 (3.3) |
aNot available.