Table 3.
Within and between group comparisons of neuropsychological tests.
| Outcome Measures | Group | Pre mean ± SD | Post mean ± SD | Percentage Change |
Time F (1,69) Value |
Group F (2,69) value, (P values) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroop-Words (Read in 45 s) | IY | 82.88 ± 14.49 | 85.6 ± 13.63∗∗ | 3.28 | 251.465 (p < 0.001) | 3.001 (0.056) |
| IY plus AR | 81.58 ± 18.56 | 86.33 ± 15.12∗∗ | 5.82 | |||
| AR | 72.52 ± 16.63 | 76.78 ± 16.54∗∗ | 5.88 | |||
| Stroop-Color (Read in 45 s) | IY | 53.88 ± 11.98 | 57.6 ± 11.79∗∗ | 6.90 | 280.157 (p < 0.001) | 0.749 (0.477) |
| IY plus AR | 50.46 ± 13.96 | 53.88 ± 13.41∗∗ | 6.77 | |||
| AR | 46.43 ± 14.04 | 49.26 ± 12.27∗∗ | 6.09 | |||
| Stroop- Color_Words (Read in 45 s) | IY | 30.76 ± 9.99 | 32.2 ± 9.45∗∗ | 4.68 | 80.173 (p < 0.001) | 0.541 (0.584) |
| IY plus AR | 26.96 ± 9.91 | 31.33 ± 11.30∗∗ | 16.23 | |||
| AR | 20.78 ± 8.86 | 26.57 ± 8.80∗∗ | 27.82 | |||
| RAVLT- Average | IY | 7.16 ± 1.39 | 9.236 ± 2.14∗∗ | 28.99 | 391.833 (p < 0.001) | 4.727 (0.012) |
| IY plus AR | 7.85 ± 1.20 | 10.83 ± 1.83∗∗ | 38.00 | |||
| AR | 7.71 ± 1.63 | 9.11 ± 2.13∗∗ | 18.15 | |||
| RAVLT-list B (Distraction list) | IY | 3.72 ± 1.97 | 4.64 ± 2.36∗∗ | 24.73 | 14.755 (p < 0.001) | 0.086 (0.918) |
| IY plus AR | 4.83 ± 2.22 | 5.04 ± 2.73$ | 4.31 | |||
| AR | 3.57 ± 2.09 | 4.17 ± 2.08 | 17.07 | |||
| RAVLT-Immediate Recall | IY | 7.08 ± 2.02 | 10.36 ± 2.64$ | 46.33 | 44.178 (p < 0.001) | 0.653 (0.524) |
| IY plus AR | 6.92 ± 2.34 | 11.71 ± 2.44∗∗ | 69.28 | |||
| AR | 7.39 ± 2.78 | 9.83 ± 2.57∗∗ | 32.94 | |||
| RAVLT-Delayed Recall | IY | 6.76 ± 2.93 | 10.6 ± 2.92∗∗ | 56.80 | 209.468 (p < 0.001) | 0.179 (0.836) |
| IY plus AR | 6.54 ± 2.62 | 11.38 ± 2.63∗∗ | 73.89 | |||
| AR | 6.30 ± 3.01 | 10.17 ± 2.89∗∗ | 61.38 | |||
| RAVLT- Hits | IY | 12.84 ± 2.10 | 14.28 ± 1.28∗∗ | 11.21 | 257.626 (p < 0.001) | 4.376 (0.016) |
| IY plus AR | 13.17 ± 1.90 | 14.63 ± 0.58∗∗ | 11.08 | |||
| AR | 13.13 ± 1.39 | 15.91 ± 7.68∗∗ | 21.19 | |||
| RAVLT-Omissions | IY | 2.16 ± 2.10 | 0.68 ± 1.25∗∗ | 68.52 | 302.797 (p < 0.001) | 2.079 (0.336) |
| IY plus AR | 1.83 ± 1.90 | 0.79 ± 2.25∗∗ | 56.82 | |||
| AR | 1.83 ± 1.37 | 0.65 ± 0.71∗∗ | 64.29 | |||
| RAVLT-Commission | IY | 0.84 ± 0.75 | 0.32 ± 0.48∗∗ | 61.90 | 146.770 (p < 0.001) | 2.559 (0.085) |
| IY plus AR | 1.04 ± 0.69 | 0.08 ± 0.28∗∗ | 92.00 | |||
| AR | 1.30 ± 1.15 | 0.39 ± 0.72∗∗ | 70.00 | |||
| COWA-Consonant | IY | 7.9996 ± 3.09 | 9.004 ± 3.25∗∗ | 12.56 | 1633.348 (p < 0.001) | 2.479 (0.091) |
| IY plus AR | 7.89 ± 2.43 | 9.48 ± 2.59∗∗ | 20.22 | |||
| AR | 6.89 ± 2.23 | 8.07 ± 3.45∗∗ | 17.22 | |||
| COWA- Category | IY | 9.44 ± 1.96 | 11.36 ± 2.20∗∗ | 20.34 | 358.269 (p < 0.001) | 3.028 (0.055) |
| IY plus AR | 10.46 ± 2.59 | 12.33 ± 2.58∗∗ | 17.93 | |||
| AR | 10.25 ± 2.37 | 11.70 ± 2.96∗∗ | 14.14 | |||
| Digit- Forward | IY | 6.64 ± 1.70 | 6.8 ± 1.63∗∗ | 2.41 | 378.247 (p < 0.001) | 2.921 (0.061) |
| IY plus AR | 6.71 ± 1.65 | 7.46 ± 2.04∗∗ | 11.18 | |||
| AR | 6.78 ± 2.09 | 6.52 ± 1.97∗∗ | 3.85 | |||
| Digit - Backward | IY | 3.52 ± 1.26 | 4.56 ± 1.36 | 29.55 | 0.162 (p = 0.689) | 5.766 (0.005) |
| IY plus AR | 3.92 ± 1.69 | 4.88 ± 1.51 | 24.47 | |||
| AR | 3.65 ± 1.23 | 3.74 ± 1.48 | 2.38 | |||
| TMT-A (in Seconds) | IY | 75.56 ± 36.20 | 54.48 ± 19.65∗∗ | 27.90 | 597.596 (p < 0.001) | 0.837 (0.437) |
| IY plus AR | 71.79 ± 47.67 | 59.71 ± 35.46∗∗ | 16.83 | |||
| AR | 110.57 ± 62.19 | 87.26 ± 52.55∗∗ | 21.08 | |||
| TMT-B (in Seconds) | IY | 164 ± 68.64 | 120.08 ± 48.57∗∗ | 27.90 | 502.822 (p < 0.001) | 0.677 (0.512) |
| IY plus AR | 149.29 ± 67.77 | 113.79 ± 60.96∗∗ | 16.83 | |||
| AR | 206.35 ± 86.04 | 171.83 ± 72.94∗∗ | 21.08 |
$P < 0.05, ∗P < 0.01, ∗∗P < 0.001 pre to post Comparison. RAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, COWA:Controlled Oral Word Association Test, TMT-A & TMT-B: TrailMaking Test A and B.
Graph No. 1: Percentage Change after 8 weeks intervention in IY, IY plus AR and AR group.