Table 1.
Characteristics of the total cohort (n = 2,368) and males (n = 1,050) and females (n = 1,318)
| Variable | Total | Males | Females | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yearsa | 62.6 (12.3) | 63.2 (12.5) | 62.1 (12.4) | 0.0171 |
| 50–65 | 1,425 (60%) | 619 (59%) | 806 (61%) | 0.277 |
| > 65 | 943 (40%) | 431 (41%) | 512 (39%) | |
| Weight, kga | 77.5 (20.9) | 84.5 (18.1) | 71.3 (18.6) | < 0.001 |
| Height, cma | 167.5 (14.0) | 175.9 (9.5) | 162.5 (8.6) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2a | 27.3 (6.0) | 27.5 (5.2) | 27.1 (6.9) | 0.0424 |
| Normal, n (%) | 690 (29%) | 265 (25%) | 425 (33%) | < 0.001 |
| Overweight, n (%) | 1,019 (43%) | 510 (49%) | 509 (39%) | |
| Obese, n (%) | 659 (28%) | 275 (26%) | 384 (29%) | |
| SF-36 MCS, (1–100 points) a | 62.2 (15.7) | 62.5 (14.7) | 61.9 (16.3) | 0.2114 |
| SF-36 PCS, (1–100 points) a | 50.5 (11.0) | 50.8 (9.8) | 50.2 (11.9) | 0.0631 |
| Highest level of education | ||||
| None/some high school | 1325 (56%) | 568 (54%) | 757 (57%) | 0.104 |
| High school/Tertiary | 1043 (44%) | 482 (46%) | 561 (43%) | |
| Alcohol, g/da | 7.3 (20.0) | 13.7 (26.7) | 3.5 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Current smoker | 129 (5%) | 63 (6%) | 66 (5%) | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 858 (36%) | 467 (45%) | 391 (30%) | |
| Non-smoker | 1381 (58%) | 520 (50%) | 861 (65%) | |
| Diabetes status, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 1757 (74%) | 712 (68%) | 1045 (79%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 242 (10%) | 135 (13%) | 107 (8%) | |
| Impaired fasting glucose | 369 (16%) | 203 (19%) | 166 (13%) | |
| Cardiovascular disease risk, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1181 (50%) | 593 (56%) | 588 (45%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 1187 (50%) | 457 (44%) | 730 (55%) | |
| Physical activity, min/wk a | 240 (420) | 270 (480) | 210 (360) | < 0.001 |
| Sufficient, n (%) | 1515 (64%) | 699 (67%) | 816 (62%) | 0.050 |
| Insufficient, n (%) | 609 (26%) | 246 (23%) | 363 (28%) | |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | ||||
| No | 2144 (90%) | 962 (92%) | 1182 (90%) | 0.119 |
| Mild | 133 (6%) | 57 (5%) | 76 (6%) | |
| Severe | 91 (4%) | 31 (3%) | 60 (4%) | |
| CESD score | 0.10 (0.29) | 0.08 (0.28) | 0.10 (0.30) | 0.1095 |
| Income per year, n (%) | ||||
| ≥ $80,000, | 838 (39%) | 446 (44%) | 392 (34%) | < 0.001 |
| $40,000–79,999 | 636 (29%) | 285 (28%) | 351 (30%) | |
| $30,000–39,999 | 229 (11%) | 106 (11%) | 123 (11%) | |
| $20,000–29,999 | 240 (11%) | 96 (10%) | 144 (12%) | |
| $10,000–19,999 | 185 (9%) | 60 (6%) | 125 (11%) | |
| $0–9,999 | 31 (1%) | 8 (1%) | 23 (2%) | |
| Lower leg muscle strength, kga | 23.3 (17.0) | 30.4 (19.4) | 18.9 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
| Timed-up-and-go, seca | 5.84 (1.72) | 5.66 (1.72) | 6.02 (1.76) | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive Reserve [STW (0–60)] a | 51 (7) | 50 (7) | 51 (6) | 0.0628 |
| Processing Speed [SDMT (0–110)] a | 50 (13) | 48 (13) | 51 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Verbal Learning [CVLT (0–16)] a | 6 (3) | 6 (3) | 7 (4) | < 0.001 |
| Global Cognition [MMSE (0–30)] a | 29 (1) | 28 (2) | 29 (2) | < 0.001 |
Data are number (%) or mean (standard deviation) when normally distributed. aMedian (interquartile range) when not normally distributed. CVLT California Verbal Learning Test (n = 2,337), MMSE Mini Mental State Exam (n = 967), SDMT Symbol–Digit Modalities Test (n = 2,341), STW Spot-the-Word (n = 2,299) Significant between group difference P < 0.05