Table 2.
Descriptives and main results Linear Mixed Model analyses (N = 106)
| PEERS® | ROAD | LMM analysis interaction CONDITION X TIME | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline M(SD) | Post M(SD) | Follow-up M(SD) | Baseline M(SD) | Post M(SD) | Follow-up M(SD) | p | |
| Adolescent data | |||||||
| n = 53 | n = 42 | n = 32 | n = 46 | n = 35 | n = 22 | ||
| CASS Total | 30.13 (8.22) | 30.21 (8.29) | 33.63 (9.15) | 28.91 (7.99) | 30.46 (7.98) | 29.59 (7.31) | .18 |
| 0. Starting conversation | 1.62 (0.71) | 1.86 (0.47) | 1.66 (0.60) | 1.35 (0.82) | 1.74 (0.61) | 1.68 (0.65) | .18 |
| 1. Total Questions Asked | 6.19 (3.54) | 7.02 (4.24) | 6.50 (3.29) | 6.24 (4.14) | 6.51 (3.50) | 5.64 (3.26) | .70 |
| 1a. Initiating Questions | 2.92 (1.89) | 3.50 (1.64) | 3.03 (1.68) | 2.78 (1.95) | 3.66 (1.94) | 3.09 (1.88) | .87 |
| 1b. Follow-up Questions | 3.26 (2.68) | 3.52 (3.29) | 3.47 (2.76) | 3.46 (3.35) | 2.89 (2.70) | 2.45 (2.26) | .45 |
| 2. Topic Changes | 3.06 (2.22) | 2.93 (1.80) | 3.47 (1.90) | 3.24 (2.38) | 3.40 (2.55) | 3.27 (2.12) | .56 |
| 3. Vocal Expressiveness | 4.91 (1.56) | 5.12 (1.49) | 5.22 (1.66) | 4.67 (1.61) | 4.80 (1.61) | 4.32 (1.62) | .21 |
| 4. Gestures | 3.47 (1.86) | 3.14 (2.06) | 4.09 (1.91) | 3.24 (1.88) | 3.17 (1.92) | 3.23 (1.95) | .26 |
| 5. Positive Affect | 4.32 (1.54) | 4.57 (1.63) | 5.16 (1.76) | 4.07 (1.53) | 4.51 (1.54) | 4.45 (1.41) | .42 |
| 6. Kinetic Arousal | 4.02 (1.66) | 3.95 (1.55) | 4.09 (1.75) | 3.98 (1.15) | 3.97 (1.40) | 3.95 (1.17) | .62 |
| 7. Social Anxiety | 4.53 (1.68) | 4.33 (1.79) | 4.81 (1.62) | 4.09 (1.74) | 4.77 (1.54) | 4.36 (1.36) | .48 |
| 8. Overall Involvement | 4.62 (1.30) | 4.71 (1.45) | 5.22 (1.26) | 4.70 (1.31) | 4.94 (1.24) | 4.82 (1.05) | .29 |
| 9. Overall Quality of Rapport | 4.26 (1.48) | 4.38 (1.43) | 5.03 (1.49) | 4.17 (1.39) | 4.29 (1.47) | 4.45 (1.44) | .27 |
| 10. Initiating End of Conversation | 0.60 (0.49) | 0.95 (0.22) | 0.84 (0.37) | 0.67 (0.60) | 0.94 (0.24) | 0.95 (0.21) | .75 |
| 11. Giving reason to end conversation | 0.26 (0.45) | 0.45 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.50) | 0.24 (0.43) | 0.37 (0.49) | 0.32 (0.48) | .71 |
| n = 53 | n = 42 | n = 33 | n = 47 | n = 36 | n = 21 | ||
| CRS-A | 27.45 (4.46) | 27.67 (5.38) | 28.91 (3.25) | 25.60 (4.77) | 27.61 (4.80) | 28.52 (3.63) | .12 |
| Item 1 (self-confidence before) | 4.66 (1.41) | 4.88 (1.61) | 5.09 (1.56) | 4.52 (1.87) | 4.62 (1.79) | 4.84 (1.95) | .07 |
| Item 10 (after) | 4.85 (1.42) | 5.18 (1.37) | 5.23 (1.31) | 4.43 (1.92) | 4.82 (1.74) | 5.11 (1.79) | .42 |
| Perspective taking items | 10.16 (1.76) | 10.64 (2.25 | 11.26 (1.44) | 9.96 (1.91) | 10.42 (1.84) | 10.53 (2.29) | .50 |
| n = 52 | n = 45 | n = 32 | n = 52 | n = 39 | n = 27 | ||
| SSIS-A Total | 82.33 (21.91) | 90.82 (20.26) | 94.53 (23.02) | 84.96 (16.33) | 88.85 (18.12) | 88.11 (21.43) | .02* |
| Communication | 12.00 (3.30) | 13.77 (2.94) | 13.53 (3.59) | 12.67 (2.78) | 12.97 (2.64) | 13.54 (3.14) | .06 |
| Cooperation | 14.59 (3.45) | 15.42 (3.54) | 16.43 (3.45) | 15.14 (3.10) | 15.08 (3.35) | 14.60 (3.67) | .01# |
| Assertion | 12.06 (4.03) | 12.16 (3.73) | 12.69 (4.34) | 11.10 (4.17) | 12.11 (3.92) | 12.41 (4.45) | .38 |
| Responsibility | 13.42 (3.38) | 14.66 (3.18) | 15.30 (3.49) | 13.46 (2.79) | 13.56 (3.30) | 14.50 (3.28) | .33 |
| Empathy | 12.29 (3.39) | 12.95 (3.41) | 13.48 (3.29) | 12.84 (3.10) | 13.36 (2.59) | 12.35 (3.19) | .12 |
| Engagement | 9.46 (3.92) | 11.09 (4.59) | 11.90 (4.91) | 9.25 (4.62) | 10.68 (4.59) | 10.42 (5.14) | .02# |
| Self-Control | 10.65 (4.16) | 12.26 (2.80) | 12.65 (3.21) | 10.79 (3.66) | 11.51 (4.26) | 11.80 (4.25) | .53 |
| Parent data | |||||||
| n = 54 | n = 41 | n = 35 | n = 51 | n = 38 | n = 28 | ||
| SSIS-P Total | 70.26 (18.49) | 80.90 (17.47) | 84.83 (21.79) | 73.20 (16.35) | 83.39 (19.91) | 82.93 (18.02) | .11 |
| Communication | 9.79 (3.32) | 11.56 (3.17) | 12.29 (3.41) | 10.40 (2.60) | 11.42 (2.94) | 11.48 (2.58) | < .01** |
| Cooperation | 10.08 (3.50) | 11.63 (3.17) | 11.91 (3.97) | 10.92 (3.03) | 12.38 (3.24) | 12.50 (3.09) | .28 |
| Assertion | 10.57 (3.38) | 11.49 (3.27) | 11.24 (3.55) | 10.63 (3.19) | 11.55 (3.21) | 11.54 (3.10) | .97 |
| Responsibility | 9.98 (3.02) | 11.61 (3.27) | 11.97 (3.69) | 10.28 (3.23) | 11.92 (3.74) | 12.64 (3.07) | .89 |
| Empathy | 9.94 (2.95) | 10.85 (2.56) | 11.91 (3.27) | 10.25 (3.21) | 11.55 (2.78) | 11.25 (3.25) | .11 |
| Engagement | 8.04 (3.96) | 9.88 (3.78) | 10.37 (4.36) | 8.39 (3.51) | 10.61 (4.20) | 10.43 (4.11) | .40 |
| Self-Control | 7.31 (3.40) | 8.46 (2.99) | 8.77 (3.64) | 8.08 (3.11) | 8.79 (3.57) | 8.78 (3.51) | .41 |
| n = 54 | n = 51 | n = 43 | n = 39 | n = 35 | n = 28 | ||
| SRS-2-P Total | 88.90 (27.09) | 69.09 (27.15) | 62.26 (25.06) | 86.20 (22.02) | 72.76 (26.18) | 69.95 (23.72) | .02* |
| Social Awareness | 11.44 (3.13) | 9.95 (3.66) | 8.91 (3.39) | 11.18 (3.13) | 9.32 (3.68) | 9.07 (3.30) | .58 |
| Social Cognition | 16.67 (6.59) | 13.30 (6.49) | 12.29 (6.13) | 15.22 (5.34) | 13.53 (5.08) | 12.64 (5.65) | .03# |
| Social Communication | 29.17 (10.11) | 22.02 (9.99) | 19.91 (9.98) | 27.75 (8.94) | 22.89 (10.62) | 22.89 (9.77) | .04# |
| Social Motivation | 16.56 (6.27) | 11.91 (6.51) | 10.63 (5.51) | 16.75 (4.46) | 13.08 (5.51) | 12.36 (4.52) | .15 |
| Autistic Mannerisms | 14.96 (6.35) | 11.65 (5.62) | 10.37 (5.05) | 14.78 (5.53) | 12.18 (5.39) | 12.14 (6.13) | .05# |
| Teacher data | |||||||
| n = 39 | n = 24 | n = 22 | n = 34 | n = 23 | n = 23 | ||
| SSIS-T Total | 69.90 (17.98) | 66.38 (17.88) | 73.36 (18.85) | 71.59 (15.76) | 78.26 (17.99) | 75.39 (15.74) | .31 |
| Communication | 11.85 (3.89) | 11.83 (3.62) | 12.36 (4.26) | 12.15 (3.63) | 13.39 (3.69) | 12.17 (3.20) | .45 |
| Cooperation | 11.79 (2.82) | 11.17 (2.57) | 12.41 (2.75) | 12.91 (3.33) | 12.78 (3.67) | 12.30 (3.11) | .07 |
| Assertion | 9.13 (3.70) | 8.63 (3.92) | 9.05 (4.25) | 8.09 (3.25) | 9.09 (2.54) | 9.22 (3.50) | .49 |
| Responsibility | 11.67 (2.97) | 10.38 (2.18) | 11.77 (2.33) | 12.21 (3.68) | 12.96 (4.17) | 12.22 (3.20) | .27 |
| Empathy | 7.90 (3.70) | 6.92 (3.67) | 8.55 (3.42) | 7.18 (3.66) | 8.65 (3.70) | 8.57 (2.35) | .71 |
| Engagement | 7.74 (3.70) | 8.08 (3.43) | 8.77 (4.13) | 8.15 (3.59) | 9.78 (3.90) | 8.48 (4.40) | .16 |
| Self-Control | 9.82 (3.87) | 9.39 (3.16) | 10.45 (3.08) | 10.91 (4.20) | 11.61 (3.37) | 12.43 (3.44) | .33 |
| n = 37 | n = 22 | n = 18 | n = 31 | n = 20 | n = 22 | ||
| SRS-2-T Total | 77.92 (24.51) | 72.64 (24.01) | 65.11 (30.89) | 73.94 (26.71) | 63.30 (21.27) | 65.09 (20.66) | .58 |
| Social Awareness | 9.68 (3.70) | 9.09 (2.30) | 8.67 (2.97) | 9.35 (3.47) | 8.30 (3.31) | 8.59 (3.33) | .45 |
| Social Cognition | 15.05 (4.84) | 15.50 (4.98) | 14.67 (5.35) | 15.13 (5.38) | 12.50 (3.75) | 13.09 (3.21) | .66 |
| Social Communication | 26.95 (10.01) | 25.05 (9.90) | 21.39 (12.37) | 25.71 (10.71) | 22.25 (9.32) | 22.73 (7.74) | .27 |
| Social Motivation | 14.76 (4.90) | 13.23 (5.61) | 12.39 (6.44) | 13.74 (5.42) | 12.00 (4.44) | 12.00 (5.22) | .81 |
| Autistic Mannerisms | 11.49 (5.44) | 9.77 (5.13) | 8.00 (6.12) | 10.00 (5.81) | 8.25 (4.94) | 8.68 (5.04) | .54 |
*p < .05, no FDR correction applied, # not significant after FDR correction, ** Remained significant after FDR correction
CRS as covariate in analyses on all measures
Contextual Assessment of Social Skills (CASS); Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS); Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2); Conversation Rating Scale (CRS)