Table 3.
Vertical and horizontal coordination: IHS panel
| Approaching a village head (bottom-up) | Organising community members (top-down) | Meetings among members (horizontal) | Successful actions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FE | IV | FE | IV | FE | IV | FE | IV | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| All sectors | 0.619* | 0.754* | 0.827** | 1.006* | 0.528* | 0.642 | 0.723** | 0.880* |
| (0.314) | (0.490) | (0.325) | (0.562) | (0.312) | (0.455) | (0.295) | (0.521) | |
| Agriculture | 0.100** | 0.132* | 0.132*** | 0.177** | 0.094** | 0.121* | 0.091** | 0.117* |
| (0.045) | (0.075) | (0.045) | (0.089) | (0.042) | (0.068) | (0.043) | (0.066) | |
| Schools | 0.135* | 0.184 | 0.141* | 0.185 | 0.099 | 0.153 | 0.156** | 0.233 |
| (0.076) | (0.136) | (0.077) | (0.136) | (0.078) | (0.126) | (0.076) | (0.146) | |
| Transport | 0.104* | 0.187 | 0.139* | 0.226* | 0.152** | 0.239* | 0.124* | 0.221* |
| and bridges | (0.075) | (0.119) | (0.075) | (0.133) | (0.075) | (0.133) | (0.073) | (0.127) |
| Care | 0.066 | 0.090 | 0.099* | 0.136 | 0.072 | 0.097 | 0.080* | 0.108 |
| (0.063) | (0.094) | (0.061) | (0.102) | (0.056) | (0.088) | (0.052) | (0.085) | |
| Observations | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 |
| EA FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Wave FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Fixed effects estimations are presented in odd columns. The treatment variable is a dummy for the presence of the MASAF PWP in an EA based on the community responses. IV estimations are presented in even columns. The endogenous variable is a number of households in an EA who report that they participate in the MASAF PWP (based on the individual responses). The instrument is a dummy for the presence of the MASAF PWP in an EA based on the community responses. For all sectors, the dependent variable is the number of sectors in which YES is reported for the respective social cohesion indicator. For each specific sector, the dependent variable is a dummy for YES for the respective social cohesion indicator. The control variables are rural location, total population and a number of households in an EA, descent tracing through mother or father, and number of polygamous households. All specifications include EA, district and time/wave fixed effects. Robust standard errors are in parentheses
***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1