Table 4.
Contributions
| IHS panel | Primary data panel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time serving in committee | Material inputs | Other in-kind | Labour | |||||
| FE | IV | FE | IV | FE | IV | FE | DID | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| All sectors | 0.611*** | 0.744* | 0.712*** | 0.866* | 0.323** | 0.393 | 7.815** | 7.861** |
| (0.207) | (0.403) | (0.186) | (0.450) | (0.142) | (0.248) | (3.197) | (3.891) | |
| Schools | 0.119* | 0.120 | 0.179** | 0.241* | 0.049 | 0.136 | 4.549* | 6.550** |
| (0.075) | (0.118) | (0.074) | (0.149) | (0.058) | (0.100) | (2.686) | (2.839) | |
| Transport and bridges | 0.117** | 0.184* | 0.055 | 0.145* | 0.061* | 0.028 | ||
| (0.046) | (0.107) | (0.042) | (0.092) | (0.039) | (0.046) | |||
| Care | 0.091** | 0.124 | 0.072* | 0.098 | 0.061* | 0.082 | ||
| (0.043) | (0.079) | (0.041) | (0.072) | (0.037) | (0.060) | |||
| Afforestation | 3.418** | 3.346** | ||||||
| (1.583) | (1.596) | |||||||
| Non-road | 4.465* | 5.092* | ||||||
| construction | (2.562) | (3.112) | ||||||
| Observations | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 278 | 1000 | 468 |
| Unit of analysis | EA | EA | EA | EA | EA | EA | Household | Household |
| Unit FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Wave FE | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Controls | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Columns 1 to 6 report the results of the IHS panel analysis. Fixed effects estimations are presented in odd columns. The treatment variable is a dummy for the presence of the MASAF PWP in an EA based on the community responses. IV estimations are presented in even columns. The endogenous variable is a number of households in an EA who report that they participate in the MASAF PWP (based on the individual responses). The instrument is a dummy for the presence of the MASAF PWP in an EA based on the community responses. For all sectors, the dependent variable is a number of sectors in which YES is reported for the respective type of contribution. For each specific sector, the dependent variable is a dummy denoting YES for the respective type of contribution. The control variables are rural location, total population and a number of households in an EA, descent tracing through mother or father, and number of polygamous households. All specifications include EA and time/wave fixed effects. Columns 7–8 report the results of the primary data panel analysis. The treatment variable is a dummy denoting whether the household is enrolled in the MASAF-4 PWP. Column 7 shows the results of the FE specification. Column 8 contains the results of the DID specification where only Entrants are compared with Never-PW households. For all sectors, the dependent variable is a number of voluntary unpaid community workdays during the previous 12 months. To avoid distortion by outliers, these dependent variables are winsorised at fraction 0.98. The control variables are household size, education levels, age, head or spouse disabled, household head married, sum of productive assets owned, sum of domestic assets owned, employment and business status, and food gap. All specifications include household and wave fixed effects. Robust standard errors are in parentheses
***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1