Table 4. Prevalence of behavioral health outcomes according to experience of economic distress within past 30 days, stratified by availability of emergency cash reserves (alternative definition).
| Outcome | Weighted prevalence (Percent ± SE) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | P-for-trend, pseudo-R-squared, and the likelihood ratio (-2LL) for Adjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety disorder (GAD-7 ≥ 10 points) | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 1.5% ± 0.9% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend <0.001 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 3.7% ± 1.8% | 2.43 [0.54–11.07] | 3.22 [0.55–18.68] | Pseudo R2 = 0.162 -2LL = −27.88** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n = 1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 4.2% ± 1.0% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.049 -2LL = −280.79** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 8.1% ± 1.0% | 2.00 [1.16–3.46] | 1.90 [1.08–3.37] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.819 |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2 ≥ 3 points ) | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 2.6% ± 1.1% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend <0.001 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 3.7% ± 1.8% | 1.42 [0.37–5.41] | 1.35 [0.41–4.45] | Pseudo R2 = 0.099 -2LL = −36.44** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n = 1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 7.7% ± 1.3% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.031 -2LL = −359.01** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 10.4% ± 1.1% | 1.39 [0.90–2.13] | 1.41 [0.90–2.21] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.965 |
| Exercising at least once per week in past 30 days | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 58.6% ± 3.5% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend = 0.311 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 51.8% ± 4.8% | 0.76 [0.47–1.22] | 0.90 [0.54–1.52] | Pseudo R2 = 0.04 -2LL = −197.62** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n=1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 45.6% ± 2.5% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.027 -2LL = −793.28** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 47.4% ± 1.8% | 1.07 [0.84–1.37] | 1.21 [0.94–1.55] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.201 |
| Slept at least 6 hours per night in past 30 days | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 91.7% ± 2.0% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend = 0.947 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 90.6% ± 2.8% | 0.87 [0.38–1.99] | 1.08 [0.45–2.59] | Pseudo R2 = 0.064 -2LL = −82.49 |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n=1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 94.2% ± 1.2% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.067 -2LL = −302.73 |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 90.9% ± 1.0% | 0.61 [0.38–1.00] | 0.63 [0.38–1.04] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.464 |
| Gambled in past 30 days (including lottery) | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 36.9% ± 3.5% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend <0.001 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 42.6% ± 4.8% | 1.27 [0.78–2.06] | 1.05 [0.61–1.81] | Pseudo R2 = 0.042 -2LL = −187.66** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n = 1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 55.4% ± 2.5% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.041 -2LL = −757.68** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 60.1% ± 1.7% | 1.21 [0.95–1.55] | 1.12 [0.87–1.44] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.876 |
| Smoked in past 30 days | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 11.3% ± 2.3% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend = 0.270 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 10.9% ± 3.0% | 0.96 [0.46–2.03] | 0.97 [0.40–2.34] | Pseudo R2 = 0.317 -2LL = −72.42** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n = 1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 13.8% ± 1.7% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.249 -2LL = −382.97** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 16.5% ± 1.3% | 1.24 [0.88–1.74] | 1.14 [0.77–1.71] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.539 |
| Binge-drank in past 30 days | ||||
| Participants with emergency cash reserves (n = 304) | ||||
| Had emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 194) | 4.7% ± 1.5% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | P-for trend = 0.103 |
| Had emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 110) | 3.7% ± 1.8% | 0.77 [0.23–2.57] | 0.60 [0.15–2.45] | Pseudo R2 = 0.352 -2LL = N/A*** |
| Participants with no emergency cash reserves (n = 1,194) | ||||
| No emergency cash reserves, did not experience distress (n = 402) | 4.5% ± 1.0% | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) | Pseudo R2 = 0.100 -2LL = −151.15** |
| No emergency cash reserves, experienced distress (n = 792) | 2.7% ± 0.6% | 0.58 [0.31–1.10] | 0.66 [0.32–1.36] | Breslow-Day Test p-value = 0.680 |
Notes:
Adjusted OR (95% CI) included adjustments for sex, age, marital status, education level, and personal monthly income
Weighted likelihood ratio (-2LL) could not be displayed because “models could not be fitted to the same size of dataset”; unweighted -2LL displayed instead
Statistical program would not perform the test; “Likelihood gets worse with more variables.”
Bold numbers denote statistical significance at 95% level of confidence.
Anxiety: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.45 [−1.68 to 0.79]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 1.27 [0.25–6.37].
Depressive symptoms: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.28 [−1.10 to 0.54]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 0.94 [0.23–3.81].
Exercising: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.27 [−1.02 to 0.48]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 0.79 [0.46–1.37].
Sleeping: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = 0.34 [−0.25 to 0.94]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 1.50 [0.56–4.05].
Gambling: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.06 [−0.43 to 0.31]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 1.00 [0.57–1.78].
Smoking: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.34 [−1.21 to 0.53]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 0.71 [0.29–1.77].
Binge-Drinking: Additive interaction term RERI (95% CI) = −0.01 [−1.48 to 1.47]; Multiplicative interaction term Adj OR (95% CI) = 1.10 [0.26–4.62].