Table 1.
Summary of clinical findings, investigations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in reported cases of post-COVID-19 Guillain-Barré syndrome in children
| Case report/series | Gender | Age of onset | Time elapsed from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to GBS clinical manifestations (weeks) | Presentation | Serology test of COVID-19 | PCR | GBS variant | Treatment | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | |||||||||||
| 1 | Our patient | M | 13 | 2 | Ascending weakness Progressive weakness | + | - | AIDP with secondary axonal loss | Steroids and 2 doses IVIG | Improving | |
| 2 | Akçay et al. [9] | M | 6 | 1 | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | AMAN | Plasmapheresis, steroids, 2 doses IVIG | Improving | |
| 3 | Araújo et al. [10] | F | 17 | 1 | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | AIDP | IVIG | Recovered | |
| 4 | Blanco et al. [11] | F | 6 | 1 | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | AIDP | IVIG | Recovered | |
| 5 | Curtis et al. [12] | M | 8 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | + | AIDP | IVIG | Recovered | |
| 6 | Das KY et al. [13] | M | 7 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | - | Unexcitable variant | IVIG | Improving | |
| 7 | Declusin et al. [14] | F | 2 | 6 | Left facial droop and abnormal gait | NM | + | AIDP with secondary axonal loss | Steroids, IVIG | Recovered | |
| 8 | El Mezzeoui et al. [15] | F | 3 | 2 | Ascending progressive weakness | + | NM | NM | IVIG | Improving | |
| 9 | Frank et al. [16] | M | 15 | 2 | Ascending progressive weakness | + | + | AMAN | Steroids and IVIG | Improving | |
| 10 | Goel et al. [17] | M | 3 | 2 | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | NM | IVIG | Recovered | |
| M | 3 | NM | Inability to walk | + | NM | NM | 2 doses IVIG | Improving | |||
| 11 | Kanou et al. [18] | F | 9 | Asymptomatic | Unbalanced gait, back pain, and lower limb weakness | NM | + | NM | Conservative gabapentin | Improving | |
| 12 | Khalifa et al. [19] | M | 11 | 3 | Inability to walk with parasthesia | NM | + | AIDP | IVIG | Improving | |
| 13 | Krishnakumar et al. [20] | M | Adolescent | 2 | Ascending progressive weakness | + | - | AMAN | NM | NM | |
| 14 | LaRovere et al. [8] | M | School-aged | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |
| M | School-aged | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| M | Adolescent | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| M | Adolescent | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| 15 | Manji et al. [21] | M | 12 | 1 | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | NM | IVIG | Died | |
| 16 | Meshref et al. [22] | F | 18 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | AMAM | IVIG | Recovered | |
| 17 | Mozhdehipanah et al. [23] | F | 14 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | ND | IVIG | Improving | |
| 18 | Ray et al. [24] | M | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |
| M | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| F | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| F | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| F | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |||
| 19 | Sánchez-Morales et al. [25] | M | 9 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | - | AIDP | NM | Recovered | |
| M | 14 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | ND | AIDP | NM | Recovered | |||
| F | 12 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | ND | AIDP | NM | Recovered | |||
| 20 | Sandoval et al. [26] | M | 8 | 4 | Ascending Progressive weakness, Ophthalmoparesis, facial diparesis | + | - | AMAN with multiple cranial nerve involvement | IVIG | Improving | |
| 21 | Rafiei Tabatabaei et al. [27] | M | 11 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | + | + | AMAN | IVIG | Recovered | |
| 22 | Terencio et al. [28] | F | 16 | NM | Ascending progressive weakness | NM | + | AIDP | IVIG | Improving | |
| Miller Fisher syndrome | |||||||||||
| 23 | Al Haboob et al. [29] | M | 11 | 3 | Diplopia, ataxic gait | NM | + | MFS with PRES | IVIG | Improving | |
| 24 | Aljomah et al. [30] | M | 9 | 1 | Dysarthria and gait instability | NM | + | MFS | IVIG | Improving | |
| 25 | Castro et al. [31] | F | 11 | 2 | Parasthesia, progressive muscle weakness, and dysphagia | NM | + | MFS |
IVIG and steroids Carbamezapine |
Improving | |
| 26 | Raghunathan et al. [32] | M | 7 | 2 | Diplopia, nasal twang, drooling and unsteady gait | + | - | MFS | IVIG and plasmapheresis | Recovered | |
References are presented in alphabetic order
GBS Guillain-Barré syndrome, ND not done, NL normal, NM not mentioned, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulins, AIDP acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, AMAN acute motor axonal neuropathy, MFS Miller Fisher Syndrome, PRES posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome