Table 1.

Summary of Select Evidence

Content area	Year	Author(s)	Sample	Setting	Study period	Design	Outcome	Main findings	Comments on scientific rigor and clinical considerations
Housing	2006	Jason et al	N=150 with substance use history in an urban setting	Either an Oxford House or usual after-care condition (i.e., outpatient treatment or self-help groups) after they had received inpatient treatment for substance abuse	24-month study period with baseline and interviews every 6 months	RCT	Substance use; criminal activities; employment status	Significantly lower substance use, significantly higher monthly income, and significantly lower incarceration rates	Rigorous RCT demonstrating the effect of mutual help-oriented recovery housing in reducing substance use, crime activities, and improve employment for people with substance use history
Social services	2009	Morgenstern et al	N=421 in a large city	Randomized to coordinated care management involving various social services and coordinated referral system vs. usual care	Baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months follow interviews	Practical Clinical Trial	Social services use; abstinence status	Broad and significantly more services use (e.g., addiction, mental health, employment, and basic needs), and significantly higher rate of abstinence among those receiving coordinated care	A practical clinical trial showing significant uptake of recovery support services and abstinence increase as a result of a coordinated system integrating social services with substance abuse treatment
Peer support	2016	Bassuk et al	N=9 studies	US studies in PubMed, PsychInfo, and Web of Science with search terms: peer involvement; alcohol or drug addiction; peer led recovery interventions.	English literature of primary empirical quantitative studies between 1998 and 2014	Review study	Substance use (primary outcome); service utilization, mental health, criminal justice status, quality of life	Despite limited evidence involving strong methodological rigor, peer support was found to be beneficial and associated with improved recovery outcomes and reduced substance use.	Extensive review study summarizing evidence of peer support recovery in reducing substance use and other recovery related outcomes, with extensive recommendations for strengthening further studies on peer-delivered recovery support services
Volunteer support	2019	Godley et al	N=402 aged 12-20 and discharged from residential treatment	Randomized to either 9 months of post-treatment Volunteer Recovery Support for Adolescents (VRSA), or continuing care services as usual	Assessed over 12 months post-discharge	RCT	Pro-recovery peers, recovery management activities, substance use, and remission	Significant direct effects to have more involvement with pro-recovery peers and recovery management activities, and indirect effects on reducing substance use and increasing remission.	Rigorous trial involving a large sample and demonstrating improvements in both proximal (pro-recovery activities) and distal outcomes (reduced substance use)
Case management	2019	Vanderplasschen et al	N=31 studies	Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialized Register and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials	English literature from Jan 2006 to May 2017	Review meta-analysis	Treatment related outcomes; personal functioning outcomes	Case management is more effective than treatment as usual conditions for improving outcomes, but this effect is significantly larger for treatment-related tasks than for personal functioning outcomes. Case management can be an important supplement to available services for improving linkage and retention	Meta-analysis on a large number of trial studies provides a rigorous synthesis of the effect of case management for integrated support services.