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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 23.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022 Mar 9;14(11):12964–12975. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c19617

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Week 10 in vivo analysis. (a) Histomorphometry of osteoid formation and bone mineralization, normalized to the exposed implant area (black). Ginger + garlic extract (gingerol + allicin) shows a significantly higher formation of osteoid and bone mineralization compared to control TCP. Ginger extract also shows significant bone mineralization compared to control TCP (n = 5, *p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). (b) Optical microscopy images of modified Masson-Goldner trichrome staining show higher mineralized bone formation with ginger + garlic extract scaffolds compared to the control. Ginger + garlic extract scaffolds became indistinguishable due to high tissue in-growth, whereas gaps are still seen in control TCP scaffold implants. (c) H&E staining shows healthy trabecular tissue with osteocytes in all samples. (d) Collagen staining reveals that ginger + garlic extract supports prominent collagen formation compared to all compositions. (e) Collagen color analysis of week 4 and week 10 stained tissues shows a significant increase in collagen formation at late-stage bone healing with garlic extract treatment.