Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with stages 3–5 CKD by diabetes status and prescription of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
| Variable | Diabetic Cohort (N=22,653) | Nondiabetic Cohort (N=49,587) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonprescribed (N=21,211) | SGLT-2i Prescribed (N=1442) | P Value | Nonprescribed (N=49,442) | SGLT-2i Prescribed (N=145) | P Value | |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 76 (11) | 71 (9) | <0.001 | 77 (12) | 70 (11) | <0.001 |
| Men | 9953 (47) | 917 (48) | <0.001 | 20,708 (42) | 110 (76) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 16,997 (80) | 1089 (76) | <0.001 | 43,059 (87) | 120 (83) | 0.002 |
| Black | 1474 (7) | 126 (9) | 1720 (3) | 15 (10) | ||
| Asian | 625 (3) | 48 (3) | 894 (2) | 2 (1) | ||
| Other/unknown | 2115 (10) | 179 (12) | 3769 (8) | 8 (6) | ||
| Hispanic | ||||||
| No | 19,621 (93) | 1315 (91) | 0.14 | 42,486 (86) | 125 (86) | 0.06 |
| Yes | 1564 (7) | 126 (9) | 1513(3) | 9 (6) | ||
| Unknown | 26 (0) | 1 (0) | 5443 (11) | 11 (8) | ||
| English speaking | 18,574 (88) | 1243 (86) | 0.13 | 45,960 (93) | 137 (94) | 0.62 |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Medicare | 6267 (30) | 443 (31) | <0.001 | 13,400 (27) | 20 (14) | 0.002 |
| Medicaid | 283 (1) | 38 (3) | 415 (1) | 1 (1) | ||
| Commercial | 1481 (7) | 171 (12) | 3587 (7) | 8 (6) | ||
| Missing | 13,180 (62) | 790 (55) | 32,040 (65) | 116 (80) | ||
| BMI | ||||||
| Underweight to normal weight (BMI <24.9 kg/m2) | 4064 (19) | 155 (11) | <0.001 | 15,370 (31) | 32 (22) | 0.001 |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) | 6769 (32) | 471 (33) | 18,736 (38) | 48 (33) | ||
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 10,378 (49) | 816 (57) | 15,336 (31) | 65 (45) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 19,244 (91) | 1343 (93) | 0.002 | 35,680 (72) | 101 (70) | 0.5 |
| Heart failure | 4957 (23) | 380 (26) | 0.01 | 6747 (14) | 78 (54) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6657 (31) | 587 (41) | <0.001 | 8968 (18) | 55 (38) | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Aspirin | 11,746 (55) | 929 (64) | <0.001 | 8108 (16) | 49 (34) | <0.001 |
| RAAS inhibitor | 14,120 (67) | 1161 (81) | <0.001 | 9637 (20) | 78 (54) | <0.001 |
| β-blocker | 12,695 (60) | 948 (66) | <0.001 | 20,914 (42) | 98 (68) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 8398 (40) | 542 (38) | 0.13 | 14,886 (30) | 25 (17) | 0.001 |
| Diuretic | 11,210 (53) | 782 (54) | 0.31 | 19,054 (39) | 111 (77) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 17,184 (81) | 1313 (91) | <0.001 | 14,492 (29) | 84 (58) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Last eGFR, mean (SD), ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 41 (12) | 45 (9) | <0.001 | 45 (11) | 44 (10) | 0.24 |
| CKD stages | ||||||
| Stage 3a | 9602 (45) | 821 (57) | <0.001 | 29,391 (60) | 78 (54) | 0.41 |
| Stage 3b | 8025 (38) | 532 (37) | 15,274 (31) | 56 (39) | ||
| Stage 4 | 3019 (14) | 87 (6) | 4008 (8) | 9 (6) | ||
| Stage 5 | 565 (3) | 2 (0) | 769 (2) | 2 (1) | ||
| Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio | ||||||
| ≤30 mg/g | 1474 (7) | 123 (9) | <0.001 | 1646 (3) | 2 (1) | 0.006 |
| >30 mg/g | 11,873 (56) | 968 (67) | 9125 (18) | 41 (28) | ||
| Missing | 7864 (37) | 351 (24) | 38,671 (78) | 102 (70) | ||
| Hemoglobin A1C at goal | 8662 (41) | 462 (32) | <0.001 | — | — | — |
| Utilization metrics | ||||||
| Urine dipstick test ordered | 8105 (38) | 759 (53) | <0.001 | 5954 (12) | 31 (21) | <0.001 |
| At least one primary care physician visit in the previous year | 8718 (41) | 724 (50) | <0.001 | 18,168 (37) | 36 (25) | 0.003 |
| At least one nephrologist visit in the previous year | 2388 (11) | 235 (16) | <0.001 | 3628 (7) | 24 (17) | <0.001 |
| At least one cardiologist visit in the previous year | 4321 (19) | 478 (33) | <0.001 | 8340 (17) | 82 (57) | <0.001 |
| At least one endocrinologist visit in the previous year | 4526 (21) | 636 (44) | <0.001 | — | — | — |
| Hospitalization within last 30 days | 585 (3) | 52 (4) | 0.06 | 804 (2) | 11 (8) | <0.001 |
| Number of emergency room visits in the previous year | 0.03 | 0.6 | ||||
| 0 | 18,239 (86) | 1215 (84) | 43,876 (89) | 128 (88) | ||
| 1 | 1991 (9) | 166 (12) | 3937 (8) | 14 (10) | ||
| ≥2 | 981 (5) | 61 (4) | 1629 (3) | 3 (2) | ||
| Number of hospitalizations in the previous year | 0.12 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 16,835 (79) | 1120 (78) | 42,070 (85) | 104 (72) | ||
| 1 | 2542 (12) | 175 (12) | 4771 (10) | 25 (17) | ||
| ≥2 | 1834 (9) | 147 (10) | 2601 (5) | 16 (11) | ||
Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise. BMI, body mass index; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SGLT-2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; —, no data.