Table 3.
Summary of all the case reports and case series related to lupus in association with COVID-19.
| Authors | Country | Age, Gender | Disease duration | Lupus system involvement | Lupus medications | Severity of COVID-19 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | Watchmake J.M. et al. | United States | 60 years, F | 33 days | Respiratory, neurological | Steroids, rituximab, methotrexate, remdesivir, apixaban | Mild |
| 15 | Kreuter, A. et al. | Germany | 79 years, M | NA | Cutaneous, Musculoskeletal | hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice daily and tapered intravenous glucocorticosteroid therapy | Not infected but vaccinated |
| 16 | Brockman, T. et al. | United States | 71 years, F | 90 days | Renal, respiratory, cardiac | Initially, Clopidogrel and heparin (discountinued later) followed by aspirin and colchicine | Severe |
| 17 | Muyldermans, A. et al. | Belgium | 56 years, M | 127 days | Respiratory, gastrointestinal | hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice a day | Moderate |
| 18 | Roncati, L. et al. | Italy | 44 years, M | 8 days | Respiratory, neurologic | N.A | Moderate |
| 19 | Patil, S. et al. | India | 22 years, F | N.A | Musculoskeletal, cutaneous | prednisolone (50 mg daily) (tapered later) hydroxychloroquine (400 mg daily), mycophenolate mofetil (2 g daily), furosemide (20 mg daily), telmisartan (20 mg daily), folic acid, calcium, and vitamin D3 | (SLE) following COVID-19 vaccination with Covishield |
| 20 | Nespola, M. et al. | Italy | 47 years, F | 25 days | Vascular | low-dose oral corticosteroids |
Severe |
| 21 | Karsulovic, C. et al. | Chile | 28 years, M | 3 weeks | Respiratory, cutaneous | Hydroxychloroquine, Mycophenolate Mofetil 2 g a day Prednisone 20 mg a day with descending tapering | Mild |
| Karsulovic, C. et al. | Chile | 25 years, F | 4 weeks | Articular, hematologic and cutaneous | Hydroxychloroquine, Mycophenolate Mofetil 1 g a day (reinitiated) Prednisone 40 mg a day with descending tapering | Mild | |
| Karsulovic, C. et al. | Chile | 68 years, F | 4 weeks | Articular and cutaneous | Hydroxychloroquine, Prednisone 20 mg a day with descending tapering | Mild | |
| 22 | Yusuf, A.S. et al. | Malaysia | 30 years, F | 2 weeks | Renal, respiratory, cutaneous | Methylprednisolone 50mg daily) and oral hydroxychloroquine 200mg once daily | Mild |
| 23 | Hali, F. et al. | Morocco | 25 years, F | 19 days | Cutaneous, musculoskeletal, ophthalmic, cardiovascular and hematological | Methylprednisolone | Mild |
| 24 | El Aoud, S. et al. | France | 62 years, M | 39 days | Respiratory, renal, musculoskeletal, neurologic | methylprednisolone 120 mg IV for 2 repeated doses, tocilizumab (TCZ) at 600 mg, and Tazocilline. Two days later, corticoids were decreased to 80 mg for 2 days then 40 mg for 2 more days | Severe |
| 25 | Bahramnezhad, F. et al. | Iran | 56 years, M | N.A | Vascular | dexamethasone 8 mg three times daily (intravascular), hydroxychloroquine tablets 200 mg twice daily, remdesivir injection 200 mg on day 1 and 100 mg from day 2 to day 5, and interferon-beta 250 mg every 48 hours (subcutaneous) | Mild |
| 26 | Kincaid, K.J. et al. | United States | 43 F |
N.A | Hematological, Neurological |
mycophenolate and hydroxychloroquine | Mild |
| 27 | Smeele, H.T et al. | Netherlands | 31 years, F Gravida 1, para 0, gestational age of 38 weeks F |
N.A | Musculoskeletal | azathioprine (25 mg/day), hydroxychloroquine (200 mg/day), prednisone (5 mg/day). Prophylactic acetyl sialic acid was initiated after pregnancy was confirmed | Mild |
| Smeele, H.T et al. | Netherlands | 39 years, F | N.A | Musculoskeletal, renal | Hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine and etanercept. Prophylactic acetyl sialic acid was initiated after pregnancy was confirmed. | Mild | |
| 28 | Gracia-Ramos, A.E. et al. | Mexico | 45 years, M | N.A | Hematological, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory |
Pulse methylprednisolone therapy (1 g IV for 5 days) and chloroquine 150 mg per day | Moderate |
| 29 | Plotz, B. et al. | United States | 27 years, F | N.A | Cutaneous, gastrointestinal, Vascular |
Enoxaparin, Apixaban | Mild |
| 30 | Zamani, B. et al. | Iran | 39 years, M | 6 weeks | Cutaneous, renal and neurological | Pulse methylprednisolone (1000 mg for three consecutive days) continued with hydroxychloroquine and prednisolone | Mild |
| 31 | Domínguez-Rojas, J. et al. | Peru | 11 years, M | N.A | Musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, cutaneous | IV immunoglobulin, acetylsalicylic acid and methylprednisolone acetate. Post biopsy: chemotherapy including etoposide, cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and methotrexate | Moderate |
| 32 | Cohen, M.K. et al. | Israel | 62 years, F | 2 months | Gastrointestinal, renal | low-dose prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, eltroxin, pregabalin, rosuvastatin, carbamazepine, ramipril, and clopidogrel | Mild |
| 33 | Pang, J.H.Q. et al. | Singapore | 30 years, M | 7 days | Gastrointestinal, Vascular |
low-molecular-weight heparin at 1 mg/kg, enoxaparin sodium injections | Mild |
| 34 | Ghafouri, S. et al. | United States | 89 years, M | N.A | Musculoskeletal | Patient non-compliant with medications | Critical |
| 35 | Shoskes, A. et al. | United States | 69 years, M | N.A | Cutaneous, renal and neurological | N.A | Mild |
| 36 | Guven, F. et al. | Turkey | 43 years, F | N.A | Neurological, hematological | N.A | Mild |
| 37 | Araten, D.J. et al. | United States | 39 years, F | 9 days | Vascular | eculizumab since the age of 28 | Mild |
| Araten, D.J. et al. | United States | 54 years, F | 3 months | Gastrointestinal, Vascular, Hematological |
Eculizumab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, low doses of prednisone, and hydroxychloroquine | Mild | |
| Araten, D.J. et al. | United States | 60 years, F | N.A | Vascular | Eculizumab | Mild | |
| 38 | Bonometti, R. et al. | Italy | 85 years, F | N.A | Hematological, Renal, Neurological |
hydroxychloroquine | Moderate |
| 39 | He, F. et al. | China | 39 years, F | 32 days | Hematological, Renal, Musculoskeletal |
Prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil | Severe |
| 40 | Cardoso, E.M. et al. | United States | 18 years, F | 17 days | Renal, Hematological |
ceftazidime, vancomycin, azithromycin, and hydroxychloroquine | Severe |
| 41 | Gemcioglu, E. et al. | Turkey | 34 years, F | N.A | Neurological | acetyl salicylic acid, enoxaparin, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin | Moderate |
| 42 | Yarlagadda, K. et al. | United States | 31 years, M | N.A | Respiratory, Hematological |
N.A | Moderate |
| 43 | Cho, J. et al. | Japan | 58 years, F | N.A | Hematological | prednisolone | Asymptomatic |
| Cho, J. et al. | Philippines | 32 years, F | N.A | Renal | hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone | Moderate | |
| Cho, J. et al. | Philippines | 29 years, F | N.A | Renal | hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone | Moderate | |
| 44 | Arpali, E. et al. | Turkey | 28 years, F | N.A | Renal | Cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2/mo for 7 months, mycophenolate mofetil, oral corticosteroids | Mild |
| 45 | Grimminck, K. et al. | Netherlands | 31- years, F G1P0, 38 + 1 weeks pregnant |
N.A | N.A | Methyldopa, prednisolone and azathioprine | Mild |
| 46 | Kichloo, A. et al. | United States | 22 years, F | 5 days | Respiratory, Renal and Cardiac |
Hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolic acid | Moderate |
Legends: N.A: Not Available, M: Male, F: Female, mg: milligram.