Table 1:
Regulation of ion channels by miRs in cardiovascular diseases.
| miR | Changes in cardiac phenotypes | Species | Related diseases | Targeted ion channels | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classical RNAi mechanism | |||||
| miR423-5p | Upregulated | Human Mouse | Training-induced bradycardia | HCN4 (If) | [56] |
| miR370-3p | Upregulated | Human Mouse | Sinus bradycardia | HCN4 (If) | [57] |
| miR1 | Downregulated | Human | AF | KCNJ2 (Kir2.1, IK1) | [60] |
| Upregulated | Rabbit | Atrial tachypacing | KCNE1/KCNB2 (KV2.2, IKs) | [89] | |
| Upregulated | Human Rat | Coronary artery disease / myocardial infarction | KCNJ2 (Kir2.1, IK1) / GJA1(Cx43) | [92] | |
| Upregulated | Mouse | Viral myocarditis | GJA1 (Cx43) | [98] | |
| Upregulated | Guinea pig | Arsenic trioxide-induced QT prolongation | KCNJ2 (Kir2.1, IK1) | [88] | |
| miR448 | Upregulated | Human Mouse | Hypoxic induced arrhythmia | SCN5A (Nav1.5, INa) | [66] |
| miR328 | Upregulated | Human Canine Mouse | AF | CACNA1C (CaV1.2)/CACNB1 (ICaL) | [71] |
| miR21 | Upregulated | Human | Chronic AF | CACNA1C (CaV1.2)/CACNB2 (ICaL) | [72] |
| miR499 | Upregulated | Human Mouse | AF | CACNB2 (ICaL) | [73] |
| miR155 | Upregulated | Human Mouse | Paroxysmal AF | CACNA1C (CaV1.2, ICaL) | [74] |
| miR1976 | Upregulated | Human Rabbit Mouse | Age-related sick sinus syndrome | CACNA1C (CaV1.2, ICaL) | [77] |
| miR135b | Downregulated | Mouse | Cardiac hypertrophy | CACNA1C (CaV1.2, ICaL) | [78] |
| miR301a | Upregulated | Mouse | Diabetic ventricles | KCND2 (KV4.2, Ito) | [84] |
| miR233-3p | Upregulated | Rat | Myocardial infarction | KCND2 (KV4.2, Ito) | [85] |
| miR133-a/b | Upregulated | Guinea pig | Arsenic trioxide-induced QT prolongation | ERG (IKr) | [88] |
| miR26 | Downregulated | Human Canine Mouse | AF | KCNJ2 (Kir2.1, IK1) | [90] |
| miR34 | Upregulated | Human | Heart failure | SCN5A (Nav1.5), SCN1B (INa) and KCND3 (Kv4.3) | [93] |
| miR206 | Upregulated | Mouse | Ischemia-reperfusion-induced arrhythmias | GJA1 (Cx43) | [99] |
| miR23a | Upregulated | Rat | Myocardial ischemia / reperfusion injury | GJA1 (Cx43) | [100] |
| miR27b | Upregulated | Mouse | High-fat diet-induced atrial arrhythmia | GJA5 (Cx40) | [106] |
| Biophysical modulation | |||||
| miR1 | Deficient | Mouse | Inducibility of ventricular arrhythmia | Kir2.1 (IK1) | [13] |
| Indirect mechanism | |||||
| miR192-5p | Upregulated | Human | AF | SCN5A (Nav1.5, INa) | [65] |
| miR133a | Downregulated | Mouse | Reactive cardiac hypertrophy | KCNIP2 (KChIP2, Ito,f) | [86] |
| miR208a | upregulated | Mouse | AF | GJA5 (Cx40) | [104] |