Table 5.

Composite biomaterials and their applications for in situ regeneration

Biomaterial	Biomaterial structure	Synthesis method	Bioactive molecule	Animal model	Outcome	Refs.
PCL/HA/chitosan	HA/chitosan-coated PCL fibrous scaffold	Electrospinning; layer by layer stacking	—	Rabbit ligament injury	Fibroblast infiltration & proliferation; poor mechanical strength	[70]
PCL/β-tricalcium phosphate/collagen	Collagen I-coated PCL/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold	Selective laser sintering	—	Mice bone defect	Enhanced osteogenic & differentiation of ADSCs; bone & vascular tissue formation	[71]
PCL/HA	HA-functionalized PCL nanofibrous scaffold	Electro-spinning	Substance P	Mice calvarial bone defect	Recruitment of bone marrow-derived stem cells; bone formation	[72]
Methacrylated/HA/PLGA	PLGA-reinforced MA/HA macroporous scaffold	Directional cooling; Freeze-drying	—	Rabbit knee cartilage defect	Regeneration of cartilage & bone; anti-inflammatory response	[73]
HA/methyl cellulose	Hydro-gel	Freeze-drying	Erythropoietin	Mouse brain injury	Attenuated inflammatory response; migration & differentiation of NSCs	[74]
PGA/HA	Felt implant	Freeze-drying	Allogenic serum	Rabbit IVD injury	Disc regeneration; mechanically stable	[75]
Poly-4-hydroxy-butyrate/gelatin	scaffold	Jet spinning	—	Heart valve injury	Scaffold infiltration by valvular interstitial cells; valvular tissue growth	[76]
PCL/fibrin	Fibrin-infused PCL scaffold	Electro-spinning	MCP-1	Rat vascular defect	Smooth muscle formation; fully regenerated endothelium	[77]