Table 3.
Impact of interventions on employee sleep behavior and quality ratings (n=20 studies).
| First Author | Year | Intervention | Sleep Duration Measure |
Behavior Change Techniques (BCTs) |
Main Findings (Detailed)* | Main Findings (Brief) |
Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adachi | 2003 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report | a) self-monitoring b) goal setting (behavior) c) rewards contingent on behavior |
Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration (5.96 to 6.1h/night, p-value <0.01) | + | 53.8% |
| Adachi | 2008 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report | a) instructional seminar b) follow-up prompts c) self-monitoring d) rewards contingent on behavior |
Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration (5.52 to 5.97h/night, p-value <0.05) | + | 57.7% |
| Adler † | 2017 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report | a) self-monitoring b) follow-up prompts |
Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration (p-value =0.05) | + | 86.5% |
| Chen | 2010 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report (PSQI) | a) instructional seminar | Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration (PSQI sleep duration subcomponent at baseline=1.0 v. follow-up:0.6: p-value =0.002) | + | 57.7% |
| de Bruin | 2017 | Yoga | Self-report | a) instructional seminar b) behavioral modeling c) practice session(s) |
Participants who received the intervention reported increased sleep duration (7.0 to 7.4 h/night), although no p-value was provided to determine significance | NC | 53.8% |
| Hallman | 2017 | Physical activity | Self-report | a) instructional seminar(s) b) practice session(s) |
Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration (7.20 v. 7.30h/night, p=n.s) | NC | 82.7% |
| Itani | 2018 | Sleep hygiene | PSQI | a) instructional session b) follow-up prompts |
Participation in the intervention, compared to control, was not associated with a significant increase in sleep duration as measured by PSQI (p=.218) | NC | 49.4% |
| Jarnefelt | 2012 | CBTI | Self-report, actigraph | a) instructional seminar (CBTI) | Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in reported duration (7.3 to 7.7h/night, p=0.027), but not according to actigraphy (p-value =n.s.). | + | 80.8% |
| Jarnefelt | 2014 | CBTI | Self-report | a) instructional seminar(s) (CBTI) b) one-on-one coaching |
Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration (7.1 to 7.5h/night, p-value =0.05) | + | 57.7% |
| Kakinuma | 2010 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report | a) instructional seminar(s) b) self-monitoring c) follow-up prompts |
Participation in the intervention was not associated with an improvement in sleep duration (0.03 v. 0.07h/night, p-value =0.69) | NC | 78.8% |
| Klatt | 2009 | Yoga | Self-report (PSQI sleep duration) | a) instructional seminar(s) b) self-monitoring |
Participants in the intervention was associated with an improvement in PSQI global (6.73 to 5.00, p-value: 0.0018); but not in PSQI sleep duration (0.91 to 0.82, p-value=.3287) | + | 80.8% |
| Klatt | 2017 | Yoga | Self-report (PSQI) | a) instructional seminar(s) b) goal-setting |
Among participants who received the intervention, PSQI scores improved (5.93v. 3.89, p-value=.005) | + | 71.2% |
| Li | 2017 | Physical activity | Self-report | a) environmental restructuring (sit/stand workstations provided) b) follow-up prompts |
Participation in the intervention as not associated with an increase in sleep quantity (p-value=.708) | NC | 71.2% |
| Nakada | 2018 | Mental health intervention | Self-report, actigraph | a) instructional session b) self-monitoring |
Participation in the intervention, compared to control, was associated with a significant increase in sleep duration as measured by actigraphy intervention: 5.1 v 4.6 h; p=.036.) | + | 54.32% |
| Marino | 2016 | Schedule control | Self-report, actigraph | a) instructional session(s) (result-based work culture) b) behavioral modeling c) goal setting |
Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration (employees p-value=.179, managers=.321). | NC | 76.9% |
| Olson | 2015 | Schedule control | Self-report, actigraph | a) instructional session(s) (result-based work culture) b) behavioral modeling c) goal setting |
Participation in the intervention was associated with an increase in sleep duration according to actigraphy (p-value=.041) | + | 80.8% |
| Schiller | 2017 | Schedule control | Self-report | a) environmental restructuring (reduced working hours per week by 25% | Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration (p-value=.263) | NC | 76.9% |
| Suzuki | 2008 | Sleep hygiene | Self-report (PSQI) | a) instructional seminar(s) (sleep hygiene) b) self-monitoring c) follow-up prompts |
Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration (5.83 v. 5.88h/night, p-value =.09); but PSQI global did improve (7.70 v. 7.40, p-value =.009) | NC | 65.4% |
| Takahashi | 2004 | Napping | Actigraph | a) practice session(s) (napping) | Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration according to actigraphy 5.6 v. 5.6h/night; p-value =n.s.) | NC | 69.2% |
| Trousselard | 2014 | Stress reduction | Self-report | a) instructional seminar(s) | Participation in the intervention was not associated with an increase in sleep duration (6.5 v. 6.5hh/night, p-value=.890) | NC | 61.5% |
Quality ratings: High >80.8%; Moderate 42.2-80.8%; Low: <42.2%.
†
Adler et al.,[41] used biofeedback from actigraphy in the intervention, yet did not report actigraphy output, thus self-report only is noted as the sleep duration measure.
*
Main findings are reflected from the published papers. In some cases, authors present change scores, in other cases authors compare follow-up sleep duration between intervention and control. Findings are displayed, consequently, either as sleep quantity (e.g., h/night), differences (e.g., 0.2 h/night more than control), or PSQI global from 0 to 21 (higher scores indicate work sleep outcomes), or PSQI sleep duration from 0 to 3 (0: <7h/night; 1: 6-7h/night; 2: 7-8h/night; 3:>8h/night.