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. 2022 Apr 23;22:361. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03038-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Forest plots, with means shown by closed circles and whiskers representing the 95% confidence interval. A The differences in the mean changes in body mass index (BMI) from baseline to 12-week follow-up between the laughter and control groups by area, sex, and age. A lower score indicates better BMI. B The differences in the mean changes in subjective stress from baseline to 12-week follow-up between the laughter and control groups by area, sex, and age. A lower score indicates lower subjective stress. C The differences in the mean changes in physical component summary (PCS) from baseline to 12-week follow-up between the laughter and control groups by area, sex, and age. A higher score indicates better PCS. D The differences in the mean changes in Mental component summary (MCS) from baseline to 12-week follow-up between the laughter and control groups by area, sex, and age. A higher score indicates better MCS. E The differences in the mean changes in subjective well-being from baseline to 12-week follow-up between the laughter and control groups by area, sex, and age. A higher score indicates better subjective well-being. CI: confidence interval