Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Factor Loading
| Factors | Items | M (SD) | SK | KU | S-W | FL | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active coping | 2. I have been concentrating my efforts on doing something about the situation I am in | 2.82 (0.65) | −0.25 | 0.18 | 0.80*** | 0.40 | 0.02 |
| 7. I have been taking action to try to make the situation better | 3.11 (0.64) | −0.37 | 0.38 | 0.78*** | 0.49 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.97 (0.55) | −0.35 | 0.40 | 0.91*** | – | – | |
| Planning | 14. I have been trying to come up with a strategy about what to do | 3.08 (0.65) | −0.34 | 0.29 | 0.79*** | 0.42 | 0.02 |
| 25. I have been thinking hard about what steps to take | 2.98 (0.64) | −0.42 | 0.79 | 0.78*** | 0.41 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 3.03 (0.54) | −0.48 | 0.94 | 0.89*** | – | – | |
| Instrumental support | 10. I have been getting help and advice from other people | 3.03 (0.77) | −0.50 | −0.09 | 0.83*** | 0.72 | 0.01 |
| 23. I have been trying to get advice or help from other people about what to do | 2.87 (0.82) | −0.39 | −0.34 | 0.85*** | 0.60 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.94 (0.73) | −0.40 | −0.18 | 0.92*** | – | – | |
| Emotional support | 5. I have been getting emotional support from others | 3.02 (0.78) | −0.48 | −0.20 | 0.84*** | 0.67 | 0.01 |
| 15. I have been getting comfort and understanding from someone | 3.08 (0.76) | −0.60 | 0.11 | 0.82*** | 0.66 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 3.05 (0.72) | −0.60 | 0.14 | 0.90*** | – | – | |
| Self-distraction | 1. I have been turning to work or other activities to take my mind off things | 2.78 (0.74) | −0.34 | −0.02 | 0.83*** | 0.46 | 0.03 |
| 19. I have been doing something to think about it less, such as going to movies, watching TV, reading, daydreaming, sleeping, or shopping | 2.80 (0.86) | −0.47 | −0.33 | 0.85*** | 0.41 | 0.03 | |
| Total | 2.79 (0.63) | −0.47 | 0.33 | 0.93*** | – | – | |
| Venting | 9. I have been saying things to let my unpleasant feelings escape | 2.30 (0.78) | −0.14 | −0.67 | 0.84*** | 0.69 | 0.02 |
| 21. I have been expressing my negative feelings | 2.17 (0.79) | 0.16 | −0.54 | 0.85*** | 0.74 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.24 (0.75) | 0.04 | −0.40 | 0.87*** | – | – | |
| Behavioral disengagement | 6. I have been giving up trying to deal with it | 2.32 (0.79) | −0.91 | 0.07 | 0.77*** | 0.60 | 0.02 |
| 16. I have been giving up the attempt to cope | 2.35 (0.73) | −0.83 | −0.07 | 0.77*** | 0.56 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.33 (0.67) | −0.82 | 0.10 | 0.85*** | – | – | |
| Positive reframing | 12. I have been trying to see it in a different light, to make it seem more positive | 3.02 (0.72) | −0.55 | 0.54 | 0.80*** | 0.54 | 0.01 |
| 17. I have been looking for something good in what is happening | 2.92 (0.75) | −0.55 | 0.28 | 0.82*** | 0.63 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 2.98 (0.66) | −0.59 | 0.65 | 0.89*** | – | – | |
| Denial | 3. I have been saying to myself “this isn’t real” | 2.52 (1.03) | 0.02 | −1.14 | 0.87*** | 0.40 | 0.03 |
| 8. I have been refusing to believe that it has happened | 3.09 (0.83) | −0.36 | −0.98 | 0.82*** | 0.80 | 0.05 | |
| Total | 2.80 (0.75) | −0.00 | −0.74 | 0.94*** | – | – | |
| Acceptance | 20. I have been accepting the reality of the fact that it has happened | 3.13 (0.67) | −0.60 | 0.51 | 0.79*** | 0.56 | 0.02 |
| 24. I have been learning to live with it | 3.04 (0.65) | −0.44 | 0.51 | 0.79*** | 0.40 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 3.10 (0.58) | −0.57 | 0.77 | 0.90*** | – | – | |
| Religion | 22. I have been trying to find comfort in my religion or spiritual beliefs | 1.61 (0.90) | 1.30 | 0.55 | 0.69*** | 0.61 | 0.03 |
| 27. I have been praying or meditating | 1.80 (0.95) | 0.89 | −0.36 | 0.78*** | 0.92 | 0.04 | |
| Total | 1.70 (0.84) | 1.06 | 0.16 | 0.80*** | – | – | |
| Substance use | 4. I have been using alcohol or other drugs to make myself feel better | 1.29 (0.66) | 2.35 | 4.79 | 0.50*** | 0.49 | 0.02 |
| 11. I have been using alcohol or other drugs to help me get through it | 1.39 (0.73) | 1.75 | 2.06 | 0.59*** | 0.62 | 0.03 | |
| Total | 1.34 (0.63) | 2.04 | 3.98 | 0.61*** | – | – | |
| Humor | 18. I have been making jokes about it | 2.66 (0.90) | −0.21 | −0.92 | 0.88*** | 0.85 | 0.02 |
| 28. I have been making fun of the situation | 2.41 (0.94) | 0.05 | −0.92 | 0.88*** | 0.79 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.53 (0.89) | −0.10 | −0.90 | 0.94*** | – | – | |
| Self-blaming | 13. I have been criticizing myself | 2.65 (0.98) | −0.18 | −1.03 | 0.88*** | 0.97 | 0.02 |
| 26. I’ been blaming myself for things that happened | 2.70 (1.01) | −0.28 | −1.04 | 0.87*** | 0.97 | 0.02 | |
| Total | 2.68 (0.99) | −0.25 | −0.98 | 0.88*** | – | – |
Note: ***p < 0.001.
Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; SK, skewness; KU, kurtosis; S-W, Shapiro–Wilk statistic; FL, factor loading; SE, standard error.