Table 3.

Associations between extent of TBI-related hearing impairment and 6-month cognitive outcome measures

Hearing Impairment in One Ear Only (n = 149)
Outcome Measure	B (95% Confidence Interval)*	p-value	d
TMT B/A	0.20 (−0.01 – 0.40)	0.062	0.17
WAIS-PSI Composite Score	0.86 (−1.89 – 3.61)	0.539	0.05
Hearing Impairment in Both Ears (n = 67)
Outcome Measure	B (95% Confidence Interval)*	p-value	d
TMT B/A	0.37 (0.07 – 0.66)	0.014	0.31
WAIS-PSI Composite Score	−1.00 (−4.86 – 2.85)	0.611	0.06

Abbreviations: TBI, Traumatic Brain Injury; B, Mean Difference between Hearing Impairment and No Hearing Impairment; d, Cohen’s effect size; TMT, Trail Making Test; WAIS-PSI, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, fourth edition, Processing Speed Index

^*Adjusted for age (years), sex (male vs. female), race (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian), education (years), pre-injury history of hearing loss (yes vs. no), loss of consciousness (yes vs. no), post-traumatic amnesia (yes vs. no. vs. suspected), ED arrival GCS (per-unit increase), CT intracranial pathology (yes vs. no)