Table 2.
Factors associated with mortality at the bivariate analysis on the COVID-19 patients treated at Gulu Regional Referral Hospital from March 2020 to October 2021.
| Variables | Freq n = 32 (%) | Chi-square | df | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | 9 (28.1) | 3.143 | 1 | 0.076 |
| Cough | 25 (78.1) | 10.639 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Tiredness | 30 (93.8) | 119.828 | 1 | 0.000 |
| General body aches and pains | 31 (96.9) | 75.543 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Diarrhea | 4 (12.5) | 10.336 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Difficulty in breathing/shortness of breath/chest pain | 32 (100.0) | 96.929 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Loss of speech and movement | 11 (34.4) | 113.202 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Headache | 19 (59.4) | 9.705 | 1 | 0.002 |
| Sore throat | 8 (25.0) | 1.251 | 1 | 0.263 |
| Rashes on the skin and discoloration of toes and fingers | 1 (3.1) | 3.579 | 1 | 0.059 |
| Loss of smell | 0 (0.0) | 2.328 | 1 | 0.127 |
| Loss of taste | 1 (3.1) | 0.669 | 1 | 0.413 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 11 (34.4) | 51.156 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) | 1 (3.1) | 1.041 | 1 | 0.307 |
| Other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | 12 (37.5) | 34.819 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Hypertension | 10 (31.3) | 10.807 | 1 | 0.001 |
| Obesity | 0 (0) | 0.153 | 1 | 0.696 |
| Asthma | 1 (3.1) | 0.113 | 1 | 0.737 |
| Cancer | 1 (3.1) | 3.565 | 1 | 0.059 |
| HIV and AIDS | 7 (21.9) | 6.488 | 1 | 0.011 |
| Symptomatic | 28 (87.5) | 2.170 | 1 | 0.141 |
| Oxygen saturation at admission (SpO2) | (<80) 4 (12.5) | 62.074 | 2 | 0.000 |
| Duration of hospital stay (0–1 week) | 25 (78.1) | 67.776 | 1 | 0.000 |
| Duration of symptoms (1–7 days) | 19 (59.4) | 1.101 | 3 | 0.897 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| <120 mmHg | 13 (40.6) | |||
| 121–140 mmHg | 12 (37.5) | 2.920 | 2 | 0.232 |
| >140 mmHg | 7 (21.9) | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| <80 mmHg | 22 (68.8) | |||
| 81–120 mmHg | 4 (12.5) | 4.214 | 2 | 0.122 |
| 121–140 | 6 (18.8) | |||
| Duration of symptoms (days) | ||||
| 1–7 | 19 (59.4) | |||
| 8–14 | 10 (31.3) | 1.101 | 4 | 0.894 |
| 15–21 | 3 (9.4) | |||
| 22–28 | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Ages of participants (years) | ||||
| <20 | 0 (0.0) | |||
| 20–29 | 3 (9.4) | |||
| 30–39 | 1 (3.1) | |||
| 40–49 | 9 (28.1) | |||
| >50 | 19 (59.4) | 40.601 | 4 | 0.000 |
| The highest level of education attained | ||||
| No formal education | 14 (43.8) | 39.213 | 8 | 0.000 |
| Primary level | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Secondary level | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Certificates | 5 (15.6) | |||
| Diploma | 3 (9.4) | |||
| Degrees | 5 (15.6) | |||
| Postgraduate degree | 2 (6.3) | |||
| Tribes | ||||
| Acholi | 25 (78.1) | 9.511 | 7 | 0.218 |
| Langi | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Baganda | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Lugbara | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Others | 4 (12.5) | |||
| Occupation | ||||
| Peasant farmers | 12 (37.5) | 33.235 | 8 | 0.000 |
| Business | 2 (6.3) | |||
| Uniformed security | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Civil servants | 2 (6.3) | |||
| Teachers | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Health workers | 3 (9.4) | |||
| Others | 12 (37.5) | |||
| Religion | ||||
| Born again | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Catholic | 13 (40.6) | 28.691 | 5 | 0.000 |
| Moslems | 3 (9.4) | |||
| Protestants | 5 (15.6) | |||
| Others | ||||
| Districts | ||||
| Agago | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Amuru | 2 (6.3) | |||
| Gulu | 15 (46.9) | 21.827 | 12 | 0.040 |
| Kitgum | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Lamwo | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Nwoya | 2 (6.3) | |||
| Omoro | 6 (18.8) | |||
| Pader | 1 (3.1) | |||
| Others | 4 (12.5) | 107.107 | 69 | 0.002 |
| Gender | ||||
| Females | 18 (56.3) | 7.986 | 1 | 0.005 |
| Males | 14 (43.7) | |||
COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases.