TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study sample.
| CON (n = 60) |
EOS (n = 28) |
AOS (n = 33) |
Statistic |
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| Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | Mean | (SD) | F-test | df | p | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 36.2 | (13.9) | 34.7 | (14.0) | 40.1 | (11.7) | 1.40 | 2,118 | 0.25 |
| Age of illness onset, mean (SD) | − | − | 13.8 | (3.0) | 22.2 | (4.1) | 81.73 | 1,60 | <0.001 |
| Duration of illness, mean (SD) | − | − | 21.0 | (14.1) | 17.9 | (12.5) | 0.82 | 1,60 | 0.37 |
| Cigarette use (cigarettes per year)* | 1,389 | (2,892) | 4,404 | (4,699) | 5,065 | (5,525) | 9.98 | 2,119 | <0.001 |
| Antipsychotic medication use | |||||||||
| 1st-generation (Dose years) | − | − | 0.3 | (1.1) | 3.0 | (5.3) | 7.36 | 1,60 | 0.009 |
| 2nd-generation (Dose years) | − | − | 3.2 | (2.9) | 3.7 | (3.6) | 0.30 | 1,60 | 0.58 |
| Cognition | |||||||||
| Crystallized IQ† | 0.45 | (0.87) | −0.39 | (1.0) | −0.44 | (0.77) | 13.6 | 2,113 | <0.001 |
| Working memory† | 0.38 | (0.63) | −0.61 | (0.67) | −0.42 | (0.55) | 29.8 | 2,113 | <0.001 |
| Episodic memory† | 0.68 | (0.66) | −0.56 | (0.74) | −0.61 | (0.64) | 50.5 | 2,113 | <0.001 |
| Executive functioning† | 0.41 | (0.49) | −0.46 | (0.76) | −0.57 | (0.77) | 32.5 | 2,113 | <0.001 |
| Psychopathology | |||||||||
| Positive symptoms | − | − | 0.31 | (0.82) | 0.18 | (0.84) | 0.38 | 1,60 | 0.53 |
| Negative symptoms | − | − | 0.35 | (0.66) | 0.41 | (0.64) | 0.16 | 1,60 | 0.68 |
| Disorganized symptoms | − | − | 0.17 | (0.67) | 0.21 | (0.56) | 0.08 | 1,60 | 0.77 |
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| N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | X 2 | df | p | |
|
| |||||||||
| Gender, No. (% male) | 36 | (60.0%) | 17 | (60.7%) | 21 | (63.6%) | 0.12 | 2 | 0.94 |
| SES class (Class 3) | 25 | (42.4%) | 9 | (40.95) | 5 | (17.2%) | 13.56 | 8 | 0.94 |
| Substance use disorder | |||||||||
| Alcohol | 9 | (15.0%) | 13 | (46.4%) | 13 | (39.4%) | 11.59 | 2 | 0.003 |
| Cannabis | 2 | (3.3%) | 15 | (53.6%) | 7 | (21.2%) | 30.35 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Cocaine | 1 | (1.7%) | 9 | (32.1%) | 2 | (6.1%) | 20.60 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Opiates | 1 | (1.7%) | 4 | (14.3%) | 1 | (3.0%) | 6.81 | 2 | 0.03 |
| Hallucinogens | 1 | (1.7%) | 4 | (14.8%) | 1 | (3.0%) | 7.14 | 2 | 0.28 |
| Sedatives | 1 | (1.7%) | 5 | (18.5%) | 2 | (6.1%) | 8.52 | 2 | 0.01 |
| Stimulants | 1 | (1.7%) | 1 | (3.7%) | 2 | (6.1%) | 1.29 | 2 | 0.52 |
*EOS > CON (p = 0.002); AOS > CON (p < 0.001).
†EOS < CON (p < 0.001); AOS < CON (p < 0.001). Bold = p < 0.05 for the overall omnibus model.