Table 3.

Summary of Included Studies Focused on the Postoperative Setting^*

First Author	Location	Design	Sample size	Participants	Visitor Policy
Zeh RD38	Ohio, United States	Retrospective cohort	117	Postoperative surgery patients (mean age: 57.5, female: 56.4%)	No visitors
Losurdo P39	Italy	Retrospective cohort	541	Surgical patients (mean age: 62, female: 59.8%)	No visitors

^⁎The “No visitors” designation was reserved for studies that explicitly stated no visitors were allowed under any circumstances, per hospital policy. Demographic information reported as available.