Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the development and validation groups.
| Variables | Training (n = 1197) | Validation (n = 394) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57.82 (10.36) | 57.77 (10.12) | 0.942 |
| Sex | 0.642 | ||
| Male | 931 (77.78%) | 302 (76.65%) | |
| Female | 266 (22.22%) | 92 (23.35%) | |
| PLT (109/L) | 190.19 (91.19) | 185.18 (86.14) | 0.338 |
| RBC (1012/L) | 4.42 (0.62) | 4.38 (0.66) | 0.252 |
| WBC (109/L) | 5.99 (2.75) | 5.86 (2.63) | 0.391 |
| AFP (ng/mL) | 9.20 (2.70–181.50) | 8.94 (2.90–195.05) | 0.575 |
| AFP-L3% | 4.60 (0.50–32.40) | 3.50 (0.50–19.98) | 0.143 |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 2.83 (1.80–4.57) | 2.83 (1.88–4.30) | 0.837 |
| CA125 (U/ml) | 14.80 (9.71–29.43) | 13.56 (8.91–28.19) | 0.099 |
| CA199 (IU/ml) | 21.20 (11.94–56.00) | 21.45 (11.57–58.75) | 0.851 |
| PIVKA-II (mAU/ml) | 114.00 (27.78–1266.06) | 146.92 (28.25–1776.50) | 0.374 |
| AST (U/L) | 33.00 (24.00–55.00) | 37.00 (25.00–60.75) | 0.036 |
| ALT (U/L) | 29.00 (19.00–51.00) | 32.50 (20.00–53.00) | 0.212 |
| TP (g/L) | 69.66 (7.25) | 70.01 (7.28) | 0.411 |
| ALB (g/L) | 39.89 (5.31) | 39.47 (5.24) | 0.181 |
| GGT (U/L) | 55.00 (29.00–131.00) | 60.00 (32.00–148.50) | 0.083 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 16.50 (12.34–23.56) | 16.69 (12.00–22.38) | 0.721 |
| DBIL (μmol/L) | 3.64 (2.60–5.71) | 3.70 (2.52–5.65) | 0.727 |
| HBV | 0.448 | ||
| No | 383 (32.00%) | 118 (29.95%) | |
| Yes | 814 (68.00%) | 276 (70.05%) | |
| HCV | 0.126 | ||
| No | 1,166 (97.41%) | 389 (98.73%) | |
| Yes | 31 (2.59%) | 5 (1.27%) | |
| Clinicopathological staging | 0.648 | ||
| Well differentiation | 176 (14.70%) | 56 (14.21%) | |
| Moderate differentiation | 720 (60.15%) | 247 (62.69%) | |
| Poor differentiation | 301 (25.15%) | 91 (23.10%) |
Categorical variables are expressed as frequency. Continuous variables are expressed as mean (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR).
PLT, platelet; RBC, red blood cell; WBC, white blood cell; AFP, α-fetoprotein level; AFP-L3, an isoform of AFP characterized by the presence of an a 1–6-linked residue on the AFP carbohydrate side chain; CA199, carbohydrate antigen 199; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; PIVKA-II, protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II; CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.