Figure 4.

Different types of integration of energy devices on textiles

(A–J) (A and B) Textile-based hybrid battery-supercapacitor energy storage device (Sahoo et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020a). Integrated hybrid harvester combining (C) wire-shaped solar cell and textile-based triboelectric generators, and (D) integration of triboelectric yarn and photovoltaic yarn into hybrid energy harvesting textile (Chen et al., 2016; Pu et al., 2016b). Hybrid harvesting-storage devices integrating (E) yarn-based supercapacitors and photovoltaic cells, (F) triboelectric nanogenerator textile and batteries, and (G) printed biofuel cells and supercapacitor on textiles (Chai et al., 2016; Lv et al., 2018; Pu et al., 2015). Examples of self-powered systems combining (H) biofuel cells, capacitor, electrochemical sensors and Bluetooth modules, (I) triboelectric nanogenerator, capacitor, and electrochemical sensors with wireless modules, and (J) textile-based all-printed system integrating biofuel cells and triboelectric generators as harvester, supercapacitor as storage device, and sensors with displays controlled microcontroller (Song et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2021a; Yu et al., 2020).