Table 4.
Multivariable analyses investigating the association between lung cancer and elevated peak intensities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
| Elevated VOCs† | Lung cancers vs. Healthy individuals |
|
|---|---|---|
| Ad-OR (95% CI) | P values | |
| Acetaldehyde | 1.79 (1.20–2.66) | 0.002 |
| 2-Hydroxyacetaldehyde | 1.99 (1.35–2.92) | <0.001 |
| Isoprene | 20.5 (12.6–33.3) | <0.001 |
| Pentanal | 8.55 (5.60–13.0) | <0.001 |
| Butyric acid | 2.06 (1.38–3.07) | <0.001 |
| Toluene | 8.24 (5.12–13.3) | <0.001 |
| 2,5-Dimethylfuran | 8.15 (5.07–13.1) | <0.001 |
| Cyclohexanone | 2.86 (1.94–4.22) | <0.001 |
| Hexanal | 20.8 (12.4–35.1) | <0.001 |
| Heptanal | 5.07 (3.32–7.73) | <0.001 |
| Acetophenone | 5.05 (3.24–7.86) | <0.001 |
| Propylcyclohexane | 7.31 (4.77–11.2) | <0.001 |
| Octanal | 3.64 (2.40–5.51) | <0.001 |
| Nonanal | 8.63 (5.64–13.2) | <0.001 |
| Decanal | 4.45 (2.98–6.63) | <0.001 |
| 2,2-Dimethyldecane | 7.17 (4.74–10.8) | <0.001 |
Adjusted confounding factors: age, gender, smoking history, alcohol history, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Multivariate logistic regression models with the backward conditional methods were used.
†
Elevated VOC was defined as peak intensity over the up tertiles.
Ad-OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.