TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study lead author, year of publication | Country | Study design | No. of participants (male/female) | Age of participants years | Follow-up time period(s) | Pulmonary function tests reported | CT thorax features reported | Report outcomes by acute infection severity |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | ||||||||
| Antonio GE, et al. 2003 [11] | Hong Kong, China | Longitudinal | 24 (10/14) | 39±–# | 36.5 days | + | ||
| Chang YC, et al. 2005 [18] | Taiwan, China | Longitudinal | 40 (15/25) | 42.8±12.3# | 51.8, 140.7 days | + | ||
| Chen JH, et al. 2006 [19] | China | Longitudinal | 111 (−/–) | - | 3, 18 months | + | ||
| Chiang CH, et al. 2004 [20] | Taiwan, China | Longitudinal | 14 (3/11) | 36.1±13.9# | 6 months | + | + | |
| Han Y, et al. 2003 [21] | China | Cross-sectional | 69 (29/40) | - | 59.7 days | + | + | |
| Hsu HH, et al. 2004 [22] | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional | 19 (6/13) | 42.5±12.4# | 31.2 days | + | + | |
| Hui DS, et al. 2005 [23] | Hong Kong, China | Longitudinal | 97 (39/58) | 36.9±9.5# | 3, 6, 12 months | + | ||
| Jin ZY, et al. 2003 [24] | China | Cross-sectional | 100 (−/−) | − | 2 months | + | ||
| Li L, et al. 2015 [25] | China | Longitudinal | 25 (3/22) | 45.8±12.2# | 10 years | + | ||
| Li TST, et al. 2006 [26] | China | Longitudinal | 59 (34/25) | 47±15.7# | 12 months | + | ||
| Liu Y, et al. 2007 [27] | China | Longitudinal | 37 (−/−) | − | 1, 3, 12 months; 3 years | + | ||
| Ngai JC, et al. 2010 [28] | China | Longitudinal | 55 (19/36) | 44.4±13.7# | 3, 6, 12, 18 months; 2 years | + | ||
| Ong KC, et al. 2005 [29] | Singapore | Cross-sectional | 94 (24/70) | 37±12# | 1 year | + | ||
| Ong KC, et al. 2004 [30] | Singapore | Cross-sectional | 46 (12/34) | 37.3±10.7# | 3 months | + | ||
| Su MC, et al. 2007 [31] | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional | 13 (3/10) | 31.4±4.8# | 14 months | + | ||
| Tansey CM, et al. 2007 [32] | Canada | Longitudinal | 117 (39/78) | 42 (33–51)¶ | 3, 6, 12 months | + | ||
| Wang CH, et al. 2005 [33] | Taiwan, China | Longitudinal | 12 (3/9) | – | 60, 90 days | + | ||
| Wong KT, et al. 2004 [34] | China | Longitudinal | 99 (41/58) | 39.4±12.8# | 48 days; 3, 6 months | + | ||
| Wu X, et al. 2016 [35] | China | Longitudinal | 11 (3/8) | 36.1±5.5# | 3, 6 months; 7 years | + | ||
| Xie L, et al. 2005 [36] | China | Longitudinal | 383 (160/223) | 38.2±13.6# | 45 days; 2, 4, 6, 11 months | + | ||
| Zhang P, et al. 2020 [37] | China | Longitudinal | 71 (15/56) | – | 3, 15 years | + | ||
| Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) | ||||||||
| Park WB, et al. 2018 [38] | South Korea | Longitudinal | 73 (43/30) | 51±13# | 12 months | + | ||
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (COVID-19) | ||||||||
| Anastasio F, et al. 2021 [39] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 379 (174/205) | 56 (49–63)¶ | 135 days | + | + | |
| Aparisi A, et al. 2021 [40] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 70 (25/45) | 54.8±11.9# | 3 months | + | ||
| Armange L, et al. 2021 [41] | France | Cross-sectional | 23 (5/18) | 44 (34–50)¶ | 6–8 weeks | + | ||
| Arnold DT, et al. 2020 [42] | UK | Cross-sectional | 110 (68/42) | 60 (44–76)¶ | 83 days | + | + | + |
| Balbi M, et al. 2021 [43] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 91 (60/31) | 66 (59–73)¶ | 105 days | + | + | + |
| Barisione G, et al. 2021 [44] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 94 (65/29) | 62±14 mild; 61±10 moderate; 60±11 severe# | 117 days | + | + | |
| Bellan M, et al. 2021 [45] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 238 (142/96) | 61 (50–71)¶ | 4 months | + | ||
| Boari GEM, et al. 2021 [46] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 94 (−/−) | – | 4 months | + | + | |
| Cao J, et al. 2021 [47] | China | Longitudinal | 62 (35/27) | 43.1±15.5# | 1 month | + | ||
| Cortes-Telles A, et al. 2021 [48] | Mexico | Cross-sectional | 186 (113/73) | 47±13# | 2 months | + | + | |
| Crisafulli E, et al. 2021 [49] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 81 (54/27) | 66.5±11.2# | 4 months | + | ||
| D'Cruz RF, et al. 2021 [50] | UK | Cross-sectional | 119 (74/45) | 58.7±14.4# | 61 days | + | ||
| Daher A, et al. 2021 [51] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 18 (11/7) | 61±7# | 6 months | + | + | |
| Darley DR, et al. 2020 [52] | Australia | Cross-sectional | 78 (51/27) | 47±16# | 113 days | + | + | |
| de Graaf MA, et al. 2021 [53] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 81 (51/30) | 60.8±13# | 6 weeks | + | + | |
| Debeaumont D, et al. 2021 [54] | France | Cross-sectional | 23 (12/11) | 59±13# | 6 months | + | + | |
| Dorelli G, et al. 2021 [55] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 28 (22/6) | 55.3 (52.3–61.9)¶ | 169 days | + | ||
| Ego A, et al. 2021 [56] | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 11 (8/3) | 51.9±8.8# | 178 days | + | + | |
| Frija-Masson J, et al. 2021a [57] | France | Cross-sectional | 151 (91/55) | 57 (49–67)¶ | 3 months | + | ||
| Frija-Masson J, et al. 2021 [58] | France | Cross-sectional | 137 (69/68) | 59 (50–68)¶ | 3 months | + | ||
| Froidure A, et al. 2021 [59] | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 134 (79/55) | 60 (53–68)¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Gianella P, et al. 2021 [60] | Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 39 (30/9) | 62.5 (51.3–71)¶ | 3 months | + | + | |
| Gonzalez J, et al. 2021 [61] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 62 (46/16) | 60 (48–65)¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Grist JT, et al. 2021 [62] | UK | Case–control | 9 (6/3) | 57±7# | 163 days | + | ||
| Guler SA, et al. 2021 [63] | Switzerland | Cohort | 113 (67/46) | 60.3±12 severe; 52.9±11 mild# | 128 days | + | + | + |
| Han X, et al. 2021 [64] | China | Longitudinal | 114 (80/34) | 54±12# | 175 days | + | + | |
| Huang C, et al. 2021 [65] | China | Cohort | 1733 (897/836) | 57 (47–65)¶ | 186 days | + | + | |
| Huang Y, et al. 2020 [66] | China | Cross-sectional | 57 (26/31) | 46.7±13.8# | 1 month | + | ||
| Jiang A, et al. 2021 [67] | Canada | Longitudinal | 15 (12/3) | 53±15# | 186 days | + | + | |
| Joris M, et al. 2021 [68] | Belgium | Longitudinal | 14 (10/4) | 59 (52–62)¶ | 3 months | + | + | |
| Komici K, et al. 2021 [69] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 24 (−/−) | 23.5 (20–25.5)¶ | 1 month | + | + | |
| Labaraca G, et al. 2021 [70] | Chile | Cross-sectional | 60 (32/28) | 39.2±14.3 mild; 47.4±11 moderate; 50±10.3 severe# | 4 months | + | + | + |
| Lerum TV, et al. 2021 [71] | Norway | Cross-sectional | 103 (54/49) | 59 (49–72)¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Li X, et al. 2021 [72] | China | Longitudinal | 289 (141/148) | 33.1±17.5 group A; 50.7±13.3 group B# | 61–90 days | + | ||
| Li H, et al. 2020 [73] | China | Cohort | 13 (4/9) | 35.8±−# | 18.6, 24.6 days | + | ||
| Liang L, et al. 2020 [74] | China | Cross-sectional | 76 (21/55) | 41.3±13.8# | 3 months | + | + | |
| Liu D, et al. 2020 [75] | China | Longitudinal | 149 (67/82) | 43±−# | 7, 14, 21 days | + | ||
| Liu C, et al. 2020 [76] | China | Longitudinal | 51 (21/30) | 46.9±14.9 male; 46.7±13.6# female | 10, 31 days | + | ||
| Liu M, et al. 2021a [77] | China | Longitudinal | 41 (22/19) | 50±14# | 7 months | + | ||
| Liu M, et al. 2021b [78] | China | Longitudinal | 52 (26/26) | 50.5 (41.3–57)¶ | 1 month | + | + | |
| Lombardi F, et al. 2021 [79] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 87 (58/29) | 58±13# | 35 days | + | ||
| Lopez-Romero S, et al. 2021 [80] | Mexico | Longitudinal | 30 (16/14) | 54 (40–62)¶ | 54, 120 days | + | ||
| Marvisi M, et al. 2020 [81] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 90 (60/30) | 66±15# | 70 days | + | + | |
| McGroder CF, et al. 2021 [82] | USA | Cross-sectional | 76 (45/31) | 54±13.7# | 4 months | + | + | |
| Miwa M, et al. 2021 [83] | Japan | Cross-sectional | 17 (14/3) | 63 (59–57)¶ | 100 days | + | + | + |
| Mohr A, et al. 2021 [84] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 10 (6/4) | 50±13.1# | 115 days | + | ||
| Myall KJ, et al. 2021 [85] | UK | Longitudinal | 35 (25/10) | 60.5±10.7# | 60 days | + | ||
| Noel-Savina E, et al. 2021 [86] | France | Cross-sectional | 72 (55/17) | 60.5±12.8# | 4 months | + | + | |
| Nunez-Fernandez M, et al. 2021 [87] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 225 (129/96) | 62 (50–71)¶ | 12 weeks | + | ||
| Pan M, et al. 2021 [88] | China | Cross-sectional | 155 (87/68) | 42.0±15.3# | 2 months | + | + | |
| Parker AJ, et al. 2021 [89] | UK | Cross-sectional | 36 (23/13) | 52.5±11.4# | 10.9 weeks | + | + | |
| Parry AH, et al. 2021 [90] | India | Cross-sectional | 81 (50/31) | 51.8±11.7# | 3 months | + | ||
| Pasau T, et al. 2021 [91] | Belgium | Cross-sectional | 32 (26/6) | 59 (46–75)¶ | 3 months | + | + | |
| Polese J, et al. 2021 [92] | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 41 (30/11) | 51±14# | 36 days | + | + | |
| Qin W, et al. 2021 [93] | China | Cross-sectional | 81 (34/47) | 59±14# | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Raman B, et al. 2021 [94] | UK | Cohort | 58 (34/24) | 55.4±13.2# | 2.3 months | + | ||
| Remy-Jardin M, et al. 2021 [95] | France | Cross-sectional | 55 (42/13) | 59.7±13.7# | 3 months | + | + | |
| Riou N, et al. 2021 [96] | France | Longitudinal | 81 (59/22) | 61 (51–68)¶ | 3, 6 months | + | + | + |
| Salem AM, et al. 2021 [97] | Saudi Arabia | Case–control | 20 (13/7) | 47.1±11.6# | 3 months | + | ||
| Santus P, et al. 2021 [98] | Italy | Longitudinal | 20 (14/6) | 58.2±15.5# | 6 weeks | + | + | + |
| Shah AS, et al. 2020 [99] | Canada | Cross-sectional | 60 (41/19) | 67 (54–74)¶ | 12 weeks | + | + | |
| Sibila O, et al. 2021 [100] | Spain | Cross-sectional | 172 (98/74) | 56.1±19.8# | 3 months | + | ||
| Sonnweber T, et al. 2021 [101] | Austria | Longitudinal | 145 (82/63) | 57±14# | 60, 100 days | + | ||
| Strumiliene E, et al. 2021 [102] | Lithuania | Cross-sectional | 51 (25/26) | 56±11.7# | 2 months | + | + | |
| Tabatabaei SMH, et al. 2020 [103] | Iran | Cross-sectional | 52 (32/20) | 50.2±13.1# | 3 months | + | ||
| Trinkmann F, et al. 2021 [104] | Germany | Cross-sectional | 246 (108/138) | 48±15# | 2 months | + | + | |
| Truffaut L, et al. 2021 [105] | France | Cross-sectional | 22 (16/6) | 54.6±10.9# | 3 months | + | + | + |
| van den Borst B, et al. 2020 [106] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 124 (74/50) | 59±14# | 3 months | + | + | + |
| van der Sar-van der Brugge S, et al. 2021 [107] | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | 101 (58/43) | 66.4±12.6# | 6 weeks | + | + | |
| Van Gassel RJJ, et al. 2021a [108] | Netherlands | Longitudinal | 46 (32/14) | 62 (55–68)¶ | 3, 7 months | + | + | |
| Van Gassel RJJ, et al. 2021b [109] | Netherlands | Longitudinal | 46 (32/14) | 62 (55–68)¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Varughese RA, et al. 2021 [110] | Canada | Case–control | 7 (0/7) | 53±4# | 158 days | + | ||
| Venturelli S, et al. 2021 [111] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 767 (515/252) | 63±13.6# | 81 days | + | ||
| Van Zeller C, et al. 2021 [112] | UK | Cross-sectional | 15 (13/2) | 51.1±16.1# | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Wang Z, et al. 2021 [113] | China | Longitudinal | 25 (13/12) | 43 (18–58)¶ | 8 weeks | + | ||
| Writing committee for the COMEBAC study group. 2021 [114] | France | Cross-sectional | 478 (277/201) | 60.9±16.1# | 4 months | + | + | + |
| Wu Q, et al. 2021 [115] | China | Cross-sectional | 54 (32/22) | 43.4±15 moderate; 54.4±13.6 severe# | 6 months | + | + | + |
| Wu X, et al. 2021 [116] | China | Longitudinal | 83 (47/36) | 60 (52–66)¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Xu J, et al. 2021 [117] | China | Cohort | 103 (46/57) | 56 (44.75–63.25) RM group; 61 (55–68) RC group¶ | 3 months | + | + | |
| Yan X, et al. 2021 [118] | China | Cross-sectional | 119 (49/70) | 53.0±12.2# | 12 months | + | + | |
| Yang ZL, et al. 2021 [119] | China | Cross-sectional | 166 (69/97) | 57±15# | 56 days | + | ||
| Zampogna E, et al. 2021 [120] | Italy | Cross-sectional | 30 (21/9) | 63.6±12.2# | 1 months | + | ||
| Zhang S, et al. 2021 [121] | China | Cross-sectional | 40 (19/21) | 57 (40–68)¶ | 8 months | + | + | + |
| Zhong L, et al. 2020 [122] | China | Cross-sectional | 52 (−/−) | 43.3±13.6# moderate; 49.2±13.5# severe | 19.7 days | + | + | |
| Zhou M, et al. 2021 [123] | China | Cohort | 175 (75/100) | 46 (39.5–56.75) asymptomatic; 56 (47.5–63) mild/moderate; 63 (56–69) severe¶ | 3 months | + | + | + |
| Zou JN, et al. 2021 [124] | China | Longitudinal | 284 (122/162) | 55.9±1.0 fibrosis group; 47.3±2.9 no fibrosis group# | 30, 60, 90 days | + | + | |
CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; USS: ultrasound; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; PET-CT: positive emission tomography-CT. +: present in study text; #: mean±sd; ¶: median (interquartile range).