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. 2022 Apr 25;7:137. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-00981-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Viral infection increases progesterone level in cells and mice. a Targeted metabolomic analysis of steroid hormones in sera of SeV-infected mice. C57BL/6 male mice (n = 6 in each group) were left un-infected or infected intravenously with SeV for 3 h before the sera were collected and target metabolomic analysis was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The data were then displayed by heatmap (the left panel), and the individual serum progesterone (P4) intensity in each sample was shown in the right histogram. MRM, multi reaction monitoring. b Measurement of neuroendocrine hormones in mice infected with different types of viruses. C57BL/6 male mice (n = 4 in each group) were left uninfected or infected intravenously with SeV for 3 h, EMCV for 2 h or HSV-1 for 6 h before sera were collected for measurements of progesterone (P4), GnRH and LH as indicated by ELISA assays. c Measurement of the mRNA levels of Cyp11a1 and Hsd3b2 genes. C57BL/6 male mice (n = 7 in each group) were left uninfected or infected intravenously with SeV for 3 h or HSV-1 for 6 h before their adrenal glands were collected for qPCR analysis of mRNA levels of Cyp11a1 and Hsd3b2 genes. d Measurement of the mRNA levels of CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 in human progesterone-producing cells. JEG-3 cells were left uninfected or infected with the indicated viruses for the indicated times before qPCR analysis of the mRNA levels of CYP11A1 and HSD3B2 genes. e. Effects of SeV infection on progesterone secretion in JEG-3 cells. JEG-3 cells were cultured in basic RPMI medium and then left uninfected or infected with SeV for the indicated times. The culture media were then collected for progesterone measurement by ELISA assays. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns not significant