TABLE 1.

Reference strain and stiffness of the ligament bundles used in the musculoskeletal model (Blankevoort et al., 1991; Marra et al., 2015).

Ligament bundle	References strain a	Stiffness (N) b
aALL	0.01	2,000
pALL	0.01	2,000
aLCL	0.03	2,500
pLCL	0.03	2,500
aMCL	0.04	2,750
cMCL	0.04	2,750
pMCL	0.05	2,750
aDM	0.01	2,000
pDM	0.04	4,000
aPCL	−0.10	9,000
pPCL	−0.05	9,000
PC	0.07	1,000
sMPFL	0.07	1,200
cMPFL	0.07	1,100
iMPFL	0.07	1,000
sLPFL	0.06	1,200
cLPFL	0.06	1,100
iLPFL	0.06	1,000

aALL/pALL, anterior and posterior anterolateral ligament; aLCL/pLCL, anterior and posterior lateral collateral ligament; aMCL/cMCL/pMCL, anterior, center, and posterior medial collateral ligament; aDM/pDM, anterior and posterior deep medial collateral ligament; aPCL/pPCL, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament; PC, posterior capsule (four bundles); sMPFL/cMPFL/iMPFL, superior, center, and inferior medial patellofemoral ligament; sLPFL/cLPFL/iLPFL, superior, center, and inferior lateral patellofemoral ligament

^aReference strain was obtained at extended knee position (Blankevoort et al., 1991).

^bUnit of stiffness: Newton per unit strain.