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. 2022 Apr 11;12:813953. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.813953

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Ji, Yao, Guo, Zhang, Wang and Du

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antibacterial effects of ginsenoside Rd towards planktonic P. gingivalis. (A) The sketch of antibacteria experiments. (B) Short-term effects on P. gingivalis and representative photographs of agar plates were displayed. (C) The hydrophobic indexes of P. gingivalis. (D) Expressions of kgp and fimA genes were normalized by the 2^−ΔΔCt method relative to the P. gingivalis 16s rRNA gene. The results are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). ^* p < 0.05 versus the normal control; ^# p < 0.05 versus the 100-μM group. (E) SEM images showed the population and morphology of P. gingivalis at magnifications of ×5,000 and ×20,000.