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Antibiofilm effects of ginsenoside Rd towards P. gingivalis biofilms. (A) Photographs of biofilms stained by crystal violet, and (B) the biomass of biofilms was presented by the absorbance of dissolved stain. (C) Growth curves of biofilms. The results are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05 versus the normal control. (D) CLSM images revealed live or dead bacteria in biofilms.
