Table 2.
Comparison of the electrochemical performance of Li–S Batteries fabricated with various sulfur hosts
| Host materials | Sulfur loading [%] | Mass loading [mg cm−2] | Operation voltage [V] | Initial capacity [mAh g‐1]/C rate | Final capacity [mAh g‐1]/cycle numbers | Capacity retention/decay rate [%] | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physisorption‐confinement | |||||||
| DHPCs | 70 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 746/2 C | 520/500 cycles | 70/0.06 | [ 32 ] |
| PCMSs | 70 | 2.0 | 1.8–2.7 | 722/4 C | 673/500 cycles | 93.1/0.014 | [ 33 ] |
| Carbon nanofiber | 75 | 1.0 | 1.7–2.6 | –/– | 630/150 cycles | –/– | [ 18 ] |
| BCN@HCS | 70 | 4 | 1.7–2.8 | 845/1 C | 700/500 cycles | 82.8/0.034 | [ 34 ] |
| Nano‐S:rGO:PAQS | 70 | – | 1.5–2.8 | 1255/0.5 C | 559/1200 cycles | 44.5/0.046 | [ 35 ] |
| C/S+BTO | 60 | 2.4 | 1.5–3.0 | 1143/0.2 C | 835/100 cycles | 73/0.27 | [ 36 ] |
| Vermiculite | 80 | 2 | 1.4–2.8 | –/0.5 C | –/550 cycles | 75/0.045 | [ 37 ] |
| YF3‐doped 1D carbon Nanofibers | 80 | 1.02 | 1.8–2.8 | 778.2/2C | 597.7/800 cycles | 76.8/0.029 | [ 38 ] |
| 636.5/5 C | 386.6/700 cycles | 60.8/0.056 | |||||
| CNTs/BNFs | 60 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 617/4 C | 482/500 cycles | 78/0.044 | [ 39 ] |
| PCNF/S/BPQD | 68 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 810/2 C | 589/1000 cycles | 73/0.027 | [ 40 ] |
| Polar–polar/Lewis acid–base interactions | |||||||
| Nitrogen‐doped graphene | 55 | 3.6 | 1.7–2.8 | 968.3/0.5 C | 556.8/500 cycles | 57.4/0.08 | [ 41 ] |
| HNPC | 65 | 1.5–3.0 | 1010/0.5 C | 788/400 cycles | 78/0.055 | [ 17 ] | |
| HNCM800 | 80 | 1.5 | 1.7–2.8 | 902/0.5 C | 804/1000 cycles | 88/0.011 | [ 24 ] |
| HCMs | 78 | 1.5 | 1.8–2.7 | 880/2 C | 533/900 cycles | 74/0.04 | [ 26 ] |
| NPDSCS | 72.4 | – | 1.5–3.0 | 952/1 C | 814/500 cycles | 85.5/0.029 | [ 27 ] |
| Ti4O7 | 70 | 1.5–1.8 | 1.8–3.0 | 850/2 C | 595/500 cycles | 70/0.06 | [ 42 ] |
| Ni/Fe LDH | – | 2–3 | 1.7–2.8 | 844/1 C | 501/1000 cycles | 59.3/0.004 | [ 43 ] |
| TCD‐TCS/S | 67.6 | 1.8 | 1.5–3.0 | 1058/2 C | 815/400 cycles | 77.2/0.057 | [ 31 ] |
| Ti3C2/S@PDA | 78.3 | 1.5 | 1.7–3.0 | 1197/0.5 C | 1096/200 cycles | 91.6/0.042 | [ 44 ] |
| ZDC@ZIF‐8 | 74.47% | – | 1.6–2.8 | 1118/1 C | 683/300 cycles | 52/0.16 | [ 30 ] |
| Chemisorption catalysis | |||||||
| Co/N‐PCNF | 62.2 | 2.0 | 1.7–2.8 | 878/1C | 728/200 cycles | 83/0.07 | [ 45 ] |
| N‐PC@uCo | 76 | 1.8 | 1.7–2.8 | 912/1 C | 780/500 cycles | 86/0.028 | [ 46 ] |
| E‐Co x Sn y /NC | 72 | – | 1.8–2.7 | 840/1 C | 681/500 cycles | 81.2/0.037 | [ 47 ] |
| CoFe‐MCS | 78.2 | – | 1.7–2.8 | –/2C C | –/500 cycles | –/0.062 | [ 48 ] |
| HCPT@COF | 69.3 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 1149/0.5 C | 875/800 cycles | 76.2/0.03 | [ 49 ] |
| a‐Ta2O5‐ x /MCN | 66.2 | 1.8–2.6 | –/1 C | –/1000 cycles | –/0.029 | [ 50 ] | |
| CNT@TiO2‐ x | 70 | ≈2.2 | 1.7–2.8 | –/1 C | 598/500 cycles | –/– | [ 51 ] |
| NMRC/S@ MnO2 | 72 | 1.8 | 1.4‐2.8 | 1072/2 C | 590/1000 cycles | 55/0.045 | [ 52 ] |
| CoS2/graphene | 75 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 1003/2 C | 321/2000 cycles | 32/0.034 | [ 53 ] |
| 3DOM N‐Co9S8‐ x | 69.4 | – | 1.8–2.6 | 1158/1 | 927.8/500 cycles | 80/0.04 | [ 54 ] |
| V‐MoS2‐CNF | – | 2.0 | 1.7–2.6 | 1068/0.5 | 800/300 cycles | 75/0.083 | [ 55 ] |
| MoS2‐ x /rGO | 78 | – | 1.8–2.6 | 1159.9/0.5 | 628.2/600 cycles | 50.2/0.083 | [ 56 ] |
| VS4@RGO | 70 | 3.0 | 1.7–2.8 | 937/1 C | 601/500 cycles | 65/0.07 | [ 57 ] |
| ZnSe/NHC | 70.1 | 3.2 | 1.7–2.8 | 659/1 C | 540.5/600 cycles | 82/0.03 | [ 58 ] |
| CC@CS@HPP | 72 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 796.8/2 C | 478/1000 cycles | 60/0.04 | [ 59 ] |
| Mo2C‐C NOs | 72.15 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 1050/1 C | 762/600 cycles | 73/0.045 | [ 60 ] |
| Fe3‐ x C@C‐500 | 74 | – | 1.7–2.8 | –/1C | 1000 cycles cycles | 60.3/0.039 | [ 61 ] |
| TSC/NbC | – | – | 1.7–2.8 | 1287/0.1 C | 1043/500 cycles | 81.3/0.037 | [ 62 ] |
| VN/G composite | – | 3 | 1.7–2.8 | 1128/1 C | 917/200 cycles | 81/0.095 | [ 63 ] |
| VN/N‐rGO | 78.46 | 1.7 | 1.7–2.8 | 1101/0.5 C | 959/500 cycles | 87/0.026 | [ 64 ] |
| C@TiN‐S | 70 | – | 1.7–2.8 | –/1 C | 741/150 cycles | –/– | [ 65 ] |
| Fe2N@C | 80 | 1.7–2.8 | 910/1 C | 734/200 cycles | 80.6/0.09 | [ 66 ] | |
| h‐Co4N@NC/S | 75.5 | 1.5 | 1.0–3.0 | 786/5 C | 658/400 cycles | 83/0.04 | [ 67 ] |
| 609/8 C | 481/400 cycles | 78/0.05 | |||||
| Co4N | 70 | – | 1.7–2.7 | –/2 C | 761/1000 cycles | –/– | [ 68 ] |
| –/5 C | 494/1000 cycles | –/– | |||||
| FeCFeOC | 72 | – | 1.8–2.7 | 801/3 C | 513/1000 cycles | 64/0.036 | [ 69 ] |
| TiO2‐TiN heterostructure | 88 | 1.2 | 1.7–2.8 | 790/1 C | 704/2000 cycles | 89.1/0.005 | [ 70 ] |
| 3.1 | 688/1 C | 503/2000 cycles | 73.1/0.013 | ||||
| 4.3 | 523/1 C | 331/2000 cycles | 63.2/0.018 | ||||
| TiO2–Ni3S2 heterostructure | 80 | – | 1.7–2.8 | 980/0.5 C | 638/500 cycles | 65.1/0.06 | [ 71 ] |
| CNF/PANi | 67.1 | 2.0 | 1.7–2.8 | 629/0.2 C | 711/300 cycles | –/– | [ 72 ] |
| SPANI | 65 | – | 1.2–2.8 | 817/0.3 C | 734/200 cycles | 89.8/0.051 | [ 73 ] |