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. 2022 Apr 11;9:861533. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861533

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Copyright © 2022 Ruiz-Iglesias, Massot-Cladera, Rodríguez-Lagunas, Franch, Camps-Bossacoma, Castell and Pérez-Cano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in small intestine gene expression: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 (A), TLR4 (B), TLR5 (C), TLR7 (D), free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 (E) and FFAR3 (F), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) (G), retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α (H), forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) (I); occludin (Ocldn) (J), claudin-4 (Cldn4) (K), zonula occludens (ZO) 1 (L) and ZO2 (M) gene expression. Results expressed as fold change with respect to the REF/C group. The control (C) groups are represented by smooth bars and the runner (R) groups by striped bars. REF, reference diet; CF, 5% cocoa fiber-enriched diet; C10, 10% cocoa-enriched diet. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8). Statistical differences (Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunnet’s test): *p < 0.05 vs. the C group in the same diet; ^#p < 0.05 vs. the same exercise condition in the REF diet; ^λp < 0.05 vs. the same exercise condition in the CF diet.