Table 2.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria
Population (P): Studies on patients ≥ 18 years of age requiring non-surgical endodontic treatment on minimum one tooth in mandibular/maxillary region irrespective of gender, race, socio-economic status, or root canal obturation technique were evaluated. Interventions (I): Studies using bioceramics [32,33] as root canal sealers in non-surgical endodontic treatment Comparison (C): Studies using resin-based sealers in root canal treatment. Outcome (O): Studies including either both or each outcome: Primary outcome: Studies assessing mean pain level with occurrence and intensity of the post-obturation pain at a minimum of 24 h follow-up using the numerical scales [visual analogue scale (VAS), Likert scale]. Secondary outcome: Studies assessing frequency of analgesics drug intake by individual’s post-treatment clinical success rate (asymptomatic tooth, sinus tract, tenderness on percussion, swelling, tooth mobility) and periapical status (apical healing, resolution of lesion, sealer resorption, sealer extrusion) post-obturation at a minimum of one month of follow-up using radiovisiography. Study design (S): Clinical trials, RCTs, quasi-experimental studies, non-randomised trials (NRS) and in- vivo studies.
Exclusion criteria
Studies involving patients with a medical history such as uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension or any prolonged chronic systemic illness Studies involving patients taking any analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antibiotics minimum of seven days before the start of the study. Studies involving patients younger than 18 years of age. Studies involving treatment of vital teeth with reversible pulpitis. Observational study designs, case reports or series, cross-sectional studies and articles that are only reviews. Abstracts without full texts in the database. Studies carried out on animals.